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CH 8 Griggs
Psychology: A Concise Introduction (6th Ed): Personality
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| personality | A person’s internally based characteristic ways of acting and thinking. |
| conscious mind | Freud’s term for what we are presently aware of. |
| preconscious mind | Freud’s term for what is stored in one’s memory that one is not presently aware of but can access. |
| unconscious mind | Freud’s term for the part of our mind that we cannot become aware of. |
| id | "The part of the personality that a person is born with, where the biological instinctual drives reside, and that is located totally in the unconscious mind." |
| pleasure principle | The principle of seeking immediate gratification for instinctual drives without concern for the consequences. |
| ego | The part of the personality that starts developing in the first year or so of life in order to find realistic outlets for the id’s instinctual drives. |
| reality principle | The principle of finding gratification for instinctual drives within the constraints of reality (norms of society). |
| superego | The part of the personality that represents one’s conscience and idealized standards of behavior. |
| defense mechanism | A process used by the ego to distort reality and protect a person from anxiety. |
| erogenous zone | The area of the body where the id’s pleasure-seeking energies are focused during a particular stage of psychosexual development. |
| fixation | In Freudian theory, some of the id’s pleasure-seeking energies remaining stuck in a psychosexual stage due to excessive gratification or frustration of instinctual needs. |
| oral stage of psychosexual development | The first stage in Freud’s theory (from birth to 18 months), in which the erogenous zones are the mouth, lips, and tongue, and the child derives pleasure from oral activities such as sucking, biting, and chewing. |
| anal stage of psychosexual development | The second stage in Freud’s theory (from 18 months to 3 years), in which the erogenous zone is the anus, and the child derives pleasure from stimulation of the anal region through having and withholding bowel movements. |
| phallic stage of psychosexual development | The third stage in Freud’s theory (from 3 to 6 years), in which the erogenous zone is located at the genitals, and the child derives pleasure from genital stimulation. |
| Oedipus conflict | A phallic stage conflict for a boy in which the boy becomes sexually attracted to his mother and fears his father will find out and castrate him. |
| identification | The process by which children adopt the characteristics of the same-sex parent and learn their gender role and sense of morality. |
| latency stage of psychosexual development | The fourth stage in Freud’s theory (from 6 years old to puberty), in which there is no erogenous zone, sexual feelings are repressed, and the focus is on cognitive and social development. |
| genital stage of psychosexual development | The fifth stage in Freud’s theory (from puberty through adulthood), in which the erogenous zone is at the genitals, and the child develops sexual relationships, moving toward intimate adult relationships. |
| hierarchy of needs | The motivational component in Maslow’s theory of personality, in which our innate needs that motivate our behavior are hierarchically arranged in a pyramid shape: the needs are physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem, and self-actualization. |
| self-actualization | The fullest realization of a person’s potential. |
| conditions of worth | The behaviors and attitudes for which other people, starting with our parents, will give us positive regard. |
| unconditional positive regard | Unconditional acceptance and approval of a person by others. |
| self-system | The set of cognitive processes by which a person observes, evaluates, and regulates her behavior. |
| self-efficacy | A judgment of one’s effectiveness in dealing with particular situations. |
| external locus of control | The perception that chance or external forces beyond one’s personal control determine one’s fate. |
| internal locus of control | The perception that one controls one’s own individual fate. |
| learned helplessness | A sense of hopelessness in which a person thinks that he is unable to prevent aversive events. |
| attribution | The process by which we explain our own behavior and that of others. |
| self-serving bias | The tendency to make attributions so that one can perceive oneself favorably. |
| traits | The relatively stable internally based characteristics that describe a person. |
| personality inventory | An objective personality test that uses a series of questions or statements for which the test taker must indicate whether they apply to her or not. |
| projective test | A personality test that uses a series of ambiguous stimuli to which the test taker must respond about her perceptions of the stimuli. |
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