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CH 6 Griggs

Psychology: A Concise Introduction (6th Ed): Thinking & Intelligence

TermDefinition
thinking The processing of information to solve problems and make judgments and decisions.
well-defined problem A problem with clear specifications of the start state, goal state, and the processes for reaching the goal state.
ill-defined problem A problem lacking clear specification of either the start state, goal state, or the processes for reaching the goal state.
fixation In problem solving, the inability to create a new interpretation of a problem.
functional fixedness The inability to see that an object can have a function other than its typical one in solving a problem.
mental set The tendency to use previously successful problem-solving strategies without considering others that are more appropriate for the current problem.
insight A new way to interpret a problem that immediately yields the solution.
algorithm A step-by-step problem-solving procedure that guarantees a correct answer to a problem.
heuristic A problem-solving strategy that seems reasonable given one’s past experience with solving problems, especially similar problems, but does not guarantee a correct answer to a problem.
anchoring and adjustment heuristic A heuristic for estimation problems in which one uses his or her initial estimate as an anchor estimate and then adjusts the anchor up or down (often insufficiently).
working backward heuristic A problem-solving heuristic in which one attempts to solve a problem by working from the goal state back to the start state.
means–end analysis heuristic A problem-solving heuristic in which the distance to the goal state is decreased systematically by breaking the problem down into subgoals and achieving these subgoals.
representativeness heuristic "A heuristic for judging the probability of membership in a category by how well an object resembles (is representative of) that category (the more representative, the more probable)."
conjunction fallacy Incorrectly judging the overlap of two uncertain events to be more probable than either of the two events.
gambler’s fallacy Incorrectly believing that a chance process is self-correcting in that an event that has not occurred for a while is more likely to occur.
availability heuristic A heuristic for judging the probability of an event by how available examples of the event are in memory (the more available, the more probable).
illusory correlation The erroneous belief that two variables are statistically related when they actually are not.
belief perseverance The tendency to cling to one’s beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence.
confirmation bias The tendency to seek evidence that confirms one’s beliefs.
person-who reasoning Questioning a well-established research finding because one knows a person who violates the finding.
intelligence quotient (IQ) (mental age/chronological age) × 100.
standardization The process that allows test scores to be interpreted by providing test norms.
deviation IQ score 100 plus or minus (15 × the number of standard deviations the person is from the raw score mean for their standardization group).
reliability The extent to which the scores for a test are consistent.
validity The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure or predicts what it is supposed to predict.
factor analysis A statistical technique that identifies clusters of test items that measure the same ability (factor).
heritability An index of the degree that variation of a trait within a given population is due to heredity.
reaction range The genetically determined limits for an individual’s intelligence.
Flynn effect The finding that the average intelligence test score in the United States and other industrialized nations has improved steadily over the last century.
Created by: PRO Teacher eduktd
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