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PGS 222 Ch 12 Exam 4
Infant Sexuality, HIV/AIDS and other STIs
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sexuality of infants | Infants have the capacity for sexual response (arousal and orgasm) present at birth but are unable to differentiate sexual from sensual pleasure. They engage in self-pleasuring activity and sexual behavior is a normal part of development. |
| suggestions for reducing teen pregnancies | High in US but declining; 1/5 sex active teens; Edu should stress that sex is a positive aspect of humanity; more accepting attitudes towards sex will lead to effective BC use; School clinics; comp natl sex ed for all grades; free, confid contracep avail; |
| effect of good communication with parents on teen sexuality | Later onset of and more infrequent coitus; Consistent & more effective use of BC; Fewer sex partners; Decreased risk of STDs; Decreased incidence of teen pregnancy |
| childhood sex play | Sex play begins around 4-7 years of age --> "Playing doctor/house"; Play is more important than sex --> Curiosity |
| teens preference for sex educators | Young people prefer parents as primary source of sex info, but only 20% get it from parents --> friends are principal source; Prefer mothers vs. fathers; |
| factors associated with later onset of coitus | Strong religious beliefs, maternal/parental disapproval, high parental expectation, satisfied w/ relations w/ mother, high socioeconomic status, good school performance/higher intelligence, later onset of puberty, believed they had 1+ caring adults, com |
| HIV education and teen sexual behavior | Most educated teens do not think that they are at risk because of a belief in invulnerability and condoms viewed more as BC than as STD prevention --> 20% of AIDS casess contracted in teen years |
| effects of physical affection in infancy/childhood on later adult adjustment | Less violence in adulthood in societies where children are nurtured |
| childhood masturbation | Safe sexual release & way to learn about self; Begins around 2-3 years of age and is common and natural! Adolescence: Increase in frequency & numbers in nearly all boys and 3/4 girls |
| physical affection in infancy/childhood & effects on culture | Less violence in adulthood |
| same-sex sex play | Most common in childhood |
| earliest signs of puberty in males and females | Reproductive organs mature at 8-14 years of age (2 yrs earlier for girls); Triggered by the release of gonadotropins which signal the testes/ovaries --> pubic/facial hair, growth spurt, enlarged genitals, axillary oil-secretion, voice changes, breasts |
| double standard among teens | Gender role differentiation increases in adolescence (but may be diminishing in US) --> Girls focus on relationships while boys focus on sexual conquest; Double standard: appear sexy but not "easy" & boys are encouraged to be aggressive & independent |
| oral sex among teens | Has increased dramatically in order to learn about sexual intimacy but still technically stay a virgin. However, teens can be unaware of the risk for disease |
| factors which influence racial & ethnic differences in rates of coitus among teens | Different sexual norms, attitudes and expectations for different groups (African-Americans more tolerant of sexual behavior while Asians are not); Socioeconomic status is lower for many ethnic groups which is linked to earlier coitus |
| homosexuality and teens | Common among same-sex peers and is experimental or transitory --> 6-11% Girls & 11-14% Boys; Many individuals begin to self-identify as gay, etc. in teens; Encounter negative societal reactions and reconciling orientation can be difficult |
| hazards associated with teen pregnancy | Phys complications: anemia, toxemia, hypertension, hemorrhage, miscarriage, death; Higher prenatal/infant mortality rates; High risk for STDs; Likely to drop out of school; Lower quality parenting; Children at higher risk for mental, phys & intel probs |
| sex education in the home | Start early! Don't put off questions & make it an ongoing discussion; Check for understanding; Weave into everyday convo; Sex is pleasurable; Masturbation is "private" so boundaries must be set & privacy respected; aware of phys changes; bedirect & honest |
| school-based sex education | 43% states, 52% districts, 57% schools require at elementary level; Quality of programs vary; Most parents support comprehensive programs; ABSTINENCE BASED: don't delay 1st intercourse or affect attitudes about sex; don't reduce teen preg or spread STDs; |
| abstinence only sex ed | 37% of districts teach abstinence only; $900 million to abstinence only but none to comprehensive during Bush administration |
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