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Learning6
Vocabulary and Other Stuff
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Learning | A relatively permanent change in an organism's beahvior due to experience |
| Overjustification Effect | The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task. |
| Latent Learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| Generalization | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
| Shaping | An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of a desired goal |
| Classical Conditioning | A type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus |
| Operant Conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment |
| Observational Learning | Learning by observing others |
| Primary Reinforcers | An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| Acquisition | The initial stage in classical conditioning;the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditional stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditional response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response |
| Extinction | The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced |
| Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response |
| Discrimination | In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| Punishment | An event that decreases the beavior that it follows |
| Fixed-Interval Schedule | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
| Fixed-Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| Variable-Interval Schedule | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforment that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| Variable-Ratio Schedule | In operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
| Unconditioned Response | In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as salivation when food is in the mouth |
| Unconditioned Stimulus | In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally-naturally and automatically-triggers a response |
| Conditioned Response | In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) |
| Conditioned Stimulus | In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| Continuous Reinforcement | Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| Cognitive Map | A mental representation of the layout of one's environment |
| Secondary Reinforcer | A stimulus or situation that has acquired its function as a reinforcer after pairing with a stimulus that functions as a reinforcer. |
| Positive Reinforcer | An increase in the future frequency of a behavior due to the addition of a stimulus immediately following a response. |
| Negative Reinforcer | An increase in the future frequency of a behavior when the consequence is the removal of an aversive stimulus. |
Created by:
clarefitz
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