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psych ch. 10

QuestionAnswer
thinking (cognition) mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is processing information.
mental images picture-like representations that stand in for objects or events.
concepts ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events or activities.
superordinate concept the most general form of a type of concept.
basic level type an example of a type of concept around which other similar concepts are organized.
subordinate concept the most specific category of a concept.
formal concept a concept that is defined by specific rules or features.
natural concept a concept formed by as a result of someone's experiences in the real world.
prototype an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of a concept.
problem solving process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving.
trial and error problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found.
algorithm a very specific procedure for solving a certain type of problem.
heuristic an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem.
representativeness heuristic the tendency to believe that any object that shares characteristics with the members of a particular category.
subgoaling process of breaking a goal down into smaller goals.
means-end analysis heuristic in which the difference between the starting situation and the goal is determined and then steps are taken to reduce that difference.
artificial intellignce the creation of a machine that can think like a human.
functional fixedness a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions.
mental set the tendency for people to persist in using problem solving patterns that have worked for them in the past.
confirmation bias the tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs.
creativity the process of solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways.
convergent thinking type of thinking in which a problem is seen as having only one answer, and all lines of thinking will eventually lead to that single answer.
divergent thinking type of thinking in which a person starts from one point and comes up with many different ideas or possibiliities.
conjunction fallacy the error of believing specific conditions are more probable than a single general one.
availability heuristic the tendency to estimate the probability of a certain condition o event based on how many similar instances we can recall.
anchoring effect the tendency to consider all of the information available.
gamblers fallacy the belief that the chance of something occurring depends on whether it has recently occurred.
loss aversion the tendency to be more sensitive to actual or potential losses than to gains.
intelligence the ability to learn from one's experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations.
g factor the ability to reason and solve problems, or general intelligence.
s factor the ability to excel in certain areas or specific intelligence.
triarchic theory of intelligence Sternberg's theory that there are three kinds of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.
analytical intelligence the ability to break problems down into component parts.
creative intelligence the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems.
practical intelligence the ability to use information to get along in life and become successful.
emotional intelligence the awareness of and ability to manage one's own emotions as well as the ability to be self-motivated.
standardization the process of giving a test to a large group of people that represents the population for whom the test is designed.
mean the average score within a group of scores, calculated by adding all of the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.
standard deviation a statistical measure of the average variation from the mean score.
developmentally delayed condition in which a person's behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than th eskills of others who are the same chronological age.
gifted term used to describe the 2 percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve.
IQ the number representing a measure of intelligence, resulting from the division of one's mental age by one's chronological age.
deviation IQ scores a type of intelligence measure that assumes that IQ is normally distributed around a mean of 100.
cultural bias the tendency of IQ tests to reflect, in language, dialect, and content, the culture of the test.
Created by: ambers23
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