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ch 1&2 pharmacology
foundations of pharmacology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pharmacology | the study of drugs and their action on living organisms |
| drug therapy | treatment with drugs |
| diet therapy | treatment by diet (low salt) |
| physiotherapy | treatment with natural physical forces such as water, light, heat |
| psychological therapy | ID's stressors and methods to reduce or eliminate stress and/or the use of drugs |
| Drug | chemical substances havin an effect on living organisims |
| medicine | therapeutic drugs used in the prevention or treatment of diseases |
| chemical name | the drugs chemical composition and molecular structure |
| generic name | common name, simple and not capitalized, used in all countries |
| official name | drug name listed by FDA |
| trademark (brand name) | registered name, made easier to pronounce, spell and remember. always capitalized. |
| schedule I controlled drugs | heroine, cocaine, marijuana |
| schedule II controlled drugs | morphine, demerol, methadone |
| schedule III controlled drugs | lortab, tylenol with codeine |
| schedule IV controlled drugs | valium, librium, phenobarbitol |
| schedule V controlled drugs | robitussin AC, lomotil |
| 1st stage of drug development | preclinical research and development |
| 2nd stage of drug development | clinical research and development |
| 3rd stage of drug development | new drug application review |
| 4th stage of drug development | postmarketing surveillance |
| medicines are most commonly classified by | body system |
| drugs do not create new responses, they... | alter existing physioligic activity |
| agonist | drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response |
| antagonists | drugs that attach to a receptor but do not stimulate a response |
| partial agonists | drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response but inhibit other responses |
| enteral route | admin directly into the GI tract |
| parenteral route | bypass the GI tract by: SC, IM, IV |
| fastest delivery into the blood stream is | Intravenously |
| percutaneous route | inhalation, sublingual, or topical |
| ADME | Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion |
| Distribution | the ways in which drugs are transported by the circulating body fluids to the sites of action receptors, metabolism, and excretion. |
| two factors influencing drug distribution | protein-binding drug, water soluble vs. fat soluble |
| Drug blood level | blood sample that determines how much of a drug is in your blood |
| drugs absorbed into blood stream and circulated to various parts of the body is said to have a | systemic effect |
| if blood level is too low: | increase dosage or admin meds more frequently |
| if blood level is too high: | pt may develop toxicity and drug must be reduced or admin less frequently |
| metabolism | (biotransformation) the biologic transformation of a drug into an inactive metabolite, a more soluble compound or a more potent metabolite |
| primary site of metabolism of drugs: | liver |
| delayed drug metabolism results in: | accumulation of drugs, prolonged action of effects of the drug |
| excretion | elimination of drugs from the body |
| primary excretion routes | GI tract to feces, renal tubules into urine |
| what is the major organ of drug excretion | kidney |
| half-life | the amount of time it takes for one half of the original amount of a drug in the body to be removed |
| drug effect | the physiologic reaction of the body to the drug |
| onset | time it takes for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response |
| peak | time it takes for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response |
| duration | time a drug concentration is sufficient to elicit a therapeutic response |
| desired reaction | the expected response |
| side/adverse effect | any reaction to or consequence of a medication. a harmful unintended effect and can occur with out warning |
| toxicity | reaction to severe adverse effects |
| idiosyncratic reaction | when something unusual or abnormal happens when drug is first administered |
| anaphylactic reactions | life threatening, respiratory distress and cardiovascular collapse |
| urticaria (hives) | raised patches on skin with severe itching from allergic reaction |
| carcinogenicity | ability of a drug to induce living cells to mutate and become cancerous |
| teratogen | drug that induces birth defects. |
| pediatric doses are calculated by | milligrams of drug per kg of body weight |
| placebo | drug dosage form that has no pharmacological activity |
| drug interaction | action of one drug is altered by the action of another drug |
| additive effect | two drugs with similar actions are taken for a doubled effect |
| synergistic effect | the combined effect of two drugs that is greater than the sum of each drug given alone |
| displacement | the displacement of a drug by a second drug increases the activity of the first drug |
| interference | the first drug inhibits the metabolism or excretion of a second drug, causing increased activity of the second drug |
| incompatibility | first drug is chemically incompatible with second drug |
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