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FSE258 VTU1
Vocabulary and Terminology from Unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Major restoration | those requiring a long period of time, are extensive, require advanced technical skill, and expressed written consent to perform. |
| Minor restoration | those requiring a minimum effort, skill, or time to complete. |
| Norm | the most common characteristics of each feature; typical, common, average. |
| Physiognomy | the study of the structures and surface markings of the face and features. |
| Anterior | before or in front of; an anatomical term of position and direction which denotes the front or forward part. |
| Posterior | position of direction; toward the back. |
| Superior | more elevated in place or position; higher; upper; anatomically towards the head. |
| Inferior | beneath; lower in plane or position; the under surface of an organ or indicating a structure below another structure; toward the feet. |
| Medial | nearer to the midline; opposite of lateral direction. |
| Lateral | a position or direction away from midline; to the side. |
| Bilateral | two sides |
| Frontal | anterior; the anterior view of the face or features. |
| Profile | the side view of the human head |
| Planes | surfaces having very little curvature. |
| Median (mid-sagittal) Plane | situated or placed in the middle of the body dividing it into the right and left halves. |
| Oblique | slanting or inclined, neither perpendicular nor horizontal. |
| Horizontal | parallel to the plane of the horizon. |
| Projection | the act of throwing forward; a part extending beyond the level of its surroundings. |
| Recession | a type of surface formed by the withdrawal of a part from its normal position. |
| Depression | a hollow or shallow concave area in a surface |
| Protrusion | the state or condition of being thrust forward or projecting. |
| Concave | exhibiting a depressed or hollow surface; a concavity. |
| Convex | curved evenly; resembling a segment of the outer edge of a sphere. |
| Inclination | slope; deviation from the horizontal or vertical; oblique. |
| Symmetry | correspondence in size, shape, and relative position of parts that are on opposite sides of the face. |
| Asymmetry | lack of symmetry, balance, or proportion. |
| Subcutaneous | situated or occurring beneath the skin. |
| Derma | (dermis, skin) the corium, or true skin. |
| Epidermis | the outermost layer of skin; the cuticle or scarf skin |
| Complexion | the color and texture of the skin, especially that of the face |
| Factors responsible for facial markings | 1. Heredity 2. Age 3. Environment 4. Muscle striation and action 5. Position of the body 6. Condition of the body |
| Sulcus | a furrow, wrinkle or groove. |
| Furrow | (Wrinkle) a crevice in the skin accompanied by adjacent elevations. |
| Groove | an elongated depression in a relatively level plane or surface. |
| Fold | an elongated prominence adjoining a surface. |
| Occipital bone | lowest part of the back and base of the cranium, forming a cradle for the brain. |
| Frontal bone | the anterior third of the cranium, forming the forehead and the anterior portion of the roof of the skull. |
| Palatine bone | one of the bones forming the posterior part of the hard palate and lateral nasal wall between the interior pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone and the maxilla. |
| Vomer bone | bone of the nasal cavity situated between the nasal passages on the median plane; it forms the inferior and posterior portion of the septum of the nose. |
| Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone | superior portion of the bony nasal septum. |
| Parietal bones | two bones that form the roof and part of the sides of the skull. |
| Nasal bones | directly inferior to the glabella and forming a dome over the superior portion of the nasal cavity. |
| Temporal bones | inferior portion of the sides and base of the cranium, inferior to the parietal bones and anterior to the occipital bone. |
| Zygomatic bones | bones of the cheeks |
| Frontal process of the maxilla | the ascending part of the upper jaw which gradually protrudes as it rises beside the nasal bone to meet the frontal bone; the ascending process of the upper jaw. |
| Maxilla | a paired bone with several processes that form the skeletal base of most of the superior face, roof of the mouth, sides of the nasal cavity, and floor of the orbit. |
| Maxillary prognathism | superior jaw protrudes |
| Mastoid process | the rounded projection on the inferior portion of the temporal bones just posterior to the lobe of the ear. |
| Mental eminence | a triangular projection on the inferior portion of the anterior mandible. |
| Melanin | the brown to black-brown pigment in the epidermis and hair. |
| Mesorrhine | a nasal classification which is medium broad and medium-low bridged; common to individuals of Asian descent |
| Leptorrhine | a nasal index common to individuals of Western European descent having a long, narrow, and high-bridge. |
| Length | a vertical dimension. |
| Concave-convex profile | a facial profile variation in which the forehead protrudes beyond the eyebrows while the chin recedes from the plane of the upper lip. |
| Concave nasal profile | a depressed profile form which may dip concavely from root to tip |
| Concave profile | a basic facial profile form in which the forehead protrudes beyond the eyebrows while the chin protrudes beyond the plane of the upper lip (e.g. infantine, retrousse, and least common). |
| Concave-vertical profile | a facial profile variation in which the forehead protrudes beyond the eyebrows while the upper lip and chin project equally to an imaginary vertical line. |
| Contour | the outline or surface form |
| Convex-concave profile . | a profile variation in which the forehead recedes from the eyebrows while the chin protrudes beyond the plane of the upper lip. |
| Convex nasal profile | a nasal profile which exhibits a hump in its linear 2 form. e.g. Roman, aquiline. |
| Convex profile | a basic profile form in which the forehead recedes from the eyebrows while the chin recedes from the plane of the upper lip (most common). |
| Convex-vertical profile | a profile variation in which the forehead recedes from the eyebrows while the chin and upper lip project equally to an imaginary vertical line. |
| Abut | to bluntly adjoin another structure; for example, the line of eye closure. |
| Acquired facial markings | facial markings that develop during one’s lifetime, primarily as a result of repetitious use of certain muscles. |
| Alveolar processes | a bony ridge found on the inferior surface of the maxilla and the superior surface of the mandible which contains the sockets for the teeth. |
| Alveolar prognathism | abnormal protrusion of the alveolar process(es). |
| Angle of the mandible | bony angle formed by the junction of the posterior edge of the ramus of the mandible and the inferior surface of the body of the mandible; marks widest part of lower 1/3 of face. |
| Angle of projection | the degree from vertical at which the surface(s) of a prominent feature projects. |
| Angulus oris eminence | the small convex prominence found lateral to the end of the line of closure of the mouth; a natural facial marking. |
| Angulus oris sulcus | the groove found at each end of the line of closure of the mouth; a natural facial marking. |
| Antemortem | before death. |
| Anterior nares | the external openings of the nostrils |
| Antihelix | the inner rim of the ear. |
| Antitragus | a small eminence obliquely opposite the tragus on the superior border of the lobe of the ear. |
| Aqueous humor | a clear, thin, alkaline fluid which fills the anterior chamber of the eyeball |
| Aquiline | curved, as the beak of an eagle; as viewed from the profile, a nasal profile which exhibits a “hook” or convexity in its dorsum. |
| Arch of the wing | the inferior margin of the nasal wing which forms a distinct concave arc superiorly. |
| Bilateral differences | dissimilarities existing in the two sides or halves of an object. |
| Bilateral view | an inferior or superior viewpoint which permits the comparison of the two sides or halves of an object or facial feature |
| Body of the mandible | the horizontal portion of the lower jaw. |
| Bridge | a raised support; the arched portion of the nose which is supported by the nasal bones; a structure or span connecting two parts of a mutilated bone. |
| Buccal cavity | the space between the lips and the gums and teeth; the vestibule of the oral cavity. |
| Buccal depressions | natural, shallow concavities of the cheeks which extend obliquely downward from the medial or lateral margins of the cheekbones. |
| Buccinator | the principle muscle of the cheek which compresses the cheeks and forms the lateral wall of the mouth. |
| Bucco-facial sulcus | the vertical furrow of the cheek; an acquired facial marking. |
| Buck teeth | dental prognathism. |
| Carotene | the yellow pigment of the skin. |
| Cartilage | a specialized type of dense connective tissue; attached to the ends of bones and forming parts of structures, such as the nasal septum and the framework of the ear. |
| Cilia | the eyelashes. |
| Columna nasi | the fleshy termination of the nasal septum at the base of the nose; located between the nostrils; the most inferior part of the mass of the nose. |
| Concha | the concave shell of the ear; the deepest depression of the ear. |
| Concurrent | treatments of a restorative nature performed during the embalming operation. |
| Condyle | a rounded prominence at the end of a bone forming an articulation; the posterior process of the ramus of the mandible. |
| Cords of the neck | vertical prominences of the neck; an acquired facial marking. |
| Coronoid process | the anterior, non-articulating process of the ramus of the mandible which serves as the insertion for the temporalis muscle. |
| Corpulence | having an abnormal amount of fat on the body. |
| Corrugator | a pyramid-shaped muscle of facial expression which draws the eyebrows inferiorly and medially. |
| Cranium | that part of the human skull which encloses the brain. |
| Cribriform plate | Cribriform plate – the horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone separating the cranial cavity from the nasal cavity. |
| Crown | (Vertex) the topmost part of the head. |
| Crows feet (Optic facial sulcus) | the furrows radiating from the lateral corner of the eye; acquired facial markings. |
| Crura of the antihelix | the superior and anterior bifurcating branches of the antihelix of the ear. |
| Crus of the helix | the origin of the helix which is flattened in the concha. |
| Decapitation | separation of the head from the body; to decapitate is the act of such separation. |
| Decomposition | separation of compounds into simpler substances by the action of microbial or autolytic enzymes. |
| Dehydrated | loss of water from the body or tissues. |
| Dehydration – (desiccation) | the loss of moisture from body tissue which may occur antemortem or postmortem; rendered thoroughly dry; exhausted of moisture. |
| Dental prognathism – (buck teeth) | oblique insertion of the teeth. |
| Depress | to lower inferiorly or to reduce projection. |
| Depression | a hollow or shallow concave area in a surface. |
| Depressor anguli oris | a muscle of facial expression which depresses the angle of the mouth. |
| Depressor labii inferioris | a muscle of facial expression which draws the lower lip inferiorly and slightly lateral. |
| Deviations | a variation from the common or established. |
| Diamond | – a frontal-view geometric head shape which is widest across the cheekbones, narrowing in width in both the forehead and the jaws |
| Digastricus | a double bellied muscle which draws the hyoid bone superiorly. |
| Dimples | shallow depressions located on the cheek or chin in a rounded or vertical form; e.g. one of the natural facial markings. |
| Distortion | a state of being twisted or pushed out of natural shape or position. |
| Dorsum | top; the anterior protruding ridge of the nose from the root to the tip of the lobe |
| Dowel | a wooden or metal rod used as an armature. |
| Ear | the organ of hearing. |
| Elevation | a raised surface or part |
| Eminence | a prominence or projection of a bone. |
| Epicranius (Occipitofrontalis) | the muscle that draws the scalp posteriorly and inferiorly and raises the eyebrows. |
| Excise | to remove as by cutting out. |
| Excision | the area from which tissue has been removed. |
| Exposed area | any visible surface which is to remain uncovered or unclothed. |
| External auditory meatus | the opening or passageway of the ear |
| Eyebrows – (Supercilia) | superficial hairs covering the superciliary arches |
| Eyelids – (Palpebrae) | two movable flaps of skin which cover and uncover each eyeball. |
| Eye socket | the bony region containing the eyeball; the orbital cavity. |
| Face | anatomically, the region from the eyes to the base of the chin; physiognomically, the region from the normal hairline to the base of the chin. |
| Facial markings | the “character” lines of the face and neck; wrinkles, grooves, cords, and dimples. |
| Facial profiles | the silhouettes of the face from the side view. |
| Facial proportions | mathematical relationships of the facial features to one another and/or to the head and face. |
| Foramen magnum | an opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes from the brain. |
| Forehead | that part of the face above the eyes. |
| Frenulum | the vertical restraining fold of mucous membrane on the midline of the inside of each lip connecting the lip with the gum |
| Frontal eminences | paired, rounded, unmargined prominences of the frontal bone found approximately one inch beneath the normal hairline. |
| Geometric | the shape of a plane figure determined by its outline, such as rounded, oval, square, etc |
| Glabella | a single bony prominence of the frontal bone located between the superciliary arches in the inferior part of the frontal bone above the root of the nose. |
| Grecian | a nasal profile form in which the dorsum exhibits a straight line from the root to the tip; a straight nasal profile. |
| Hairline | – the outline of hair growth on the head or face; the lowest centrally located part of the hair of the cranium. |
| Hard palate | the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth. |
| Head shape | the outline of the exterior margins of the head. |
| Height | the vertical measurement of a feature or part of a feature; the distance above the base. |
| Helix | the outer rim of the ear |
| Hemoglobin | red pigment; the protein coloring matter of the red blood corpuscles which serves to convey oxygen to the tissues forming oxyhemoglobin. |
| Horseshoe curve | roughly U-shaped, with the front being narrower than the sweep of the curve. |
| Humor | any liquid or semi-liquid of the body, e.g. the aqueous or vitreous humor of the eyeball |
| Hunting bow | shaped as a bent wood weapon with a central belly; resembling a “cupid” bow; the five arcs in the line of the lip closure resemble the design of the classic hunting bow. |
| Incision | a clean cut into tissue or skin. |
| Incisive fossa | the depression between the mental eminence and the inferior incisor teeth. |
| Incisor teeth | the four teeth located anteriorly from the midline on each jaw; used for cutting. |
| Inclination | slope; deviation from the horizontal or vertical; oblique. |
| Infantine | babyish, childlike in regard to much adipose tissue; also refers to a facial profile. |
| Inferior nasal conchae | the lowermost scroll-shaped bones on the sidewalls of the nasal cavity. |
| Inferior palpebral sulcus | the furrow of the lower attached border of the inferior palpebra; an “acquired” facial marking. |
| Infranasal prognathism | a form of prognathism in which the base of the nasal cavity protrudes abnormally. |
| Inner canthus | eminence at the medial corner of the closed eyelids. |
| Integumentary lips | superiorly, the skin portion of the upper lip from the attached margin of the upper mucous membrane to the base of the nose; and inferiorly, the skin portion of the lower lip from the attached margin of the lower mucous membrane to the labiomental sulcus. |
| Interciliary sulci | the vertical or transverse furrows between the eyebrows; “acquired” facial markings. |
| Intertragic notch | a notch or opening between the tragus and the antitragus of the ear. |
| Inverted triangle | a three sided figure whose base is superior to its apex; when used to describe a frontal-view geometric headshape, a head which is wide at the forehead and narrow at the jaw. |
| Jawline | the inferior border of the mandible |
| Labia | lips |
| Labial sulci | the vertical furrows of each lip extending from within the mucous membranes into the integumentary lips; acquired facial markings, e.g. furrows of age. |
| Labiomental sulcus | the junction of the lower integumentary lip and the superior border of the chin, which may appear as a furrow; a natural facial marking. |
| Levator anguli oris | a muscle of facial expression which elevates the angle of the mouth. |
| Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi | a muscle of facial expression which elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostril opening; the common elevator. |
| Levator labii superioris | a muscle of facial expression which elevates and extends the upper lip |
| Levator palpebrae superioris | a muscle of facial expression which raises the upper eyelid. |
| Line of closure | the line that forms between two structures, such as the lips or the eyelids when in a closed position, which marks their place of contact with each other. |
| Linear sulci | eyelid furrows which are short and broken, extending horizontally on the palpebrae themselves and which may fan from both the medial and lateral corners of the eyes. |
| Lobe | – a part or projection, more or less rounded; e.g. the in inferior part of the ear or the projection of the nose overlying the lower lateral cartilages. |
| Mandible | the horseshoe-shaped bone forming the inferior jaw. |
| Mandibular fossa | the small oval depression on the zygomatic process of the temporal bone 4 into which the condyle of the mandible articulates, just anterior to the external auditory meatus. Forms the temporal mandibular joint (TMJ). |
| Mandibular prognathism | jaw protrusion of the inferior jaw |
| Mandibular sulcus | the furrow beneath the jawline which rises vertically on the cheek; an acquired facial marking. |
| Masseter | muscles of mastication which close the mandible. |
| Medial lobe | tiny prominence on the midline of the superior mucous membrane. |
| Mentalis | the muscle which elevates and protrudes the inferior lip, wrinkles the skin over the chin. |
| Mucous membranes | the visible red surfaces of the lips; the lining membrane of body cavities which communicate with the exterior |
| Mutilated | disfigured by a loss of a natural part by force. |
| Nasal cavity | the orifice in the bony face bounded by the margins of the nasal bones and the maxilla. |
| Nasal spine of the maxilla | the sharp, bony projection located medially at the inferior margin of the nasal cavity. |
| Nasal sulcus | the angular area between the posterior margin of the wing of the nose and the nasolabial fold; a natural facial marking. |
| Nasolabial fold | the anterior fold of the cheek which descends laterally along the upper lip from the wing of the nose; a natural facial marking. |
| Nasolabial sulc | the furrow lying medial and adjacent to the nasolabial fold; an acquired facial marking. |
| Naso-orbital fossa | the concavity superior and medial to the inner corner of the eye. |
| Natural facial markings | those that are present at birth, hereditary. |
| Neoplasm | a new and abnormal formation of tissue, as a tumor or growth |
| Nevus | a birthmark; a congenital skin blemish; any congenital anomaly, including various types of birthmarks and all types of moles. |
| Notch | a relatively deep indentation, usually between two projections. |
| Oblique palpebral sulcus | the shallow, curving groove below the medial corner of the eyelids; a natural facial marking |
| Oblong | a frontal head form in which the head is long and narrow throughout. |
| Occipital protuberance | the prominence at the center of the external surface of the occipital bone. |
| Oral cavity | the mouth; the orifice containing the teeth and tongue |
| Orbicularis oculi | the muscle that closes the eyelids; compresses the lacrimal sacs. |
| Orbicularis oris | the muscle that closes and puckers the lips. |
| Orbital cavity | Eye socket |
| Orbital pouch | bags under the eyes; the fullness between the inferior palpebrae and the oblique palpebral sulcus. |
| Orifice | the entrance or outlet of any body cavity; an opening |
| Origin | the attachment of a muscle which moves least when the muscle contracts; the beginning |
| Oval | a frontal head form in which the head is generally egg-shaped, with the cranium slightly wider than the jaws; most common geometric head form. |
| Palpebrae singular = palpebra. | Eyelids |
| Parietal eminence | – the rounded peak of the external convexity of the parietal bones; determines the widest part of the cranium. |
| Pathological condition | diseased; due to disease |
| Philtrum | the vertical groove located medially on the superior lip; a natural facial marking. |
| Pinna | the exterior ear. |
| Platyrrhine | a nasal classification which is short and broad and has the minimum of projection; common to individuals of African descent. |
| Platysma | thin layer of muscle covering anterior aspect of neck. |
| Platysmal sulci | the transverse, dipping furrow of the neck; an acquired facial marking. |
| Post-embalming | treatments of a restorative nature performed after the embalming operation |
| Procerus | the muscle that draws the skin of the forehead inferiorly. |
| Professional portrait | a photograph or painting in which the subject has been posed and lighted flatteringly by a professional photographer or artist. |
| Prognathism | projection of the jaw(s) beyond the projection of the forehead |
| Proportions | the relationships of the size of one feature as compared with another feature or with the width or length of the face. |
| Protruding lobe | the rounded, anterior projection of the tip of the nose. |
| Pyramid | an apparently solid structure having a square base and four triangular sides which meet at a central point. |
| Quadratus labii superioris | the large muscle from the cheekbone and lower rim of the eyesocket which raises the upper lip. |
| Ramus | the vertical portion of the mandible |
| Rectangular | a four-sided figure having four right angles. |
| Repose | to lay at rest. |
| Restorative art | the care of the deceased to recreate natural form and color. |
| Retrousse | – a nose which is turned up superiorly at its tip; a concave nasal profile. |
| Rim | the border, edge, or margin of a thing, usually of a circular or curving form, as the rim of the eye socket. |
| Risorius | the narrow superficial band of muscle which pulls the angle of the mouth laterally. |
| Roman | the aquiline profile of the nose. |
| Root | the apex (top) of the pyramidal mass of the nose which lies directly inferior to the forehead; the concave dip inferior to the forehead (profile view). |
| Round | (infantine) a frontal head form in which the head exhibits maximum curvature |
| Scapha | fossa between the inner and outer rims of the ear; the shallowest depression of the ear. |
| Septum | vertical cartilage dividing nasal cavity into two chambers, responsible for asymmetry of the nose. |
| Serrated | notched on the edge like a saw |
| Sides of the nose | the lateral walls of the nose between the wings and the bridge |
| Splint | an appliance as of wood, metal, etc. used to keep in place or protect a displaced or movable part. |
| Squama | the vertical surface of the temporal bone |
| Square | a frontal head form in which the head is broad and exhibits very little curvature; the forehead is wide and the angles of the mandible are usually low as well as wide; e.g. strong |
| Sternocleidomastoideus | a muscle of the neck that is attached to the mastoid process of the temporal bone and by separate heads to the sternum and clavicle; marks the widest part of the neck. |
| Straight nasal profile | a nasal profile in which the dorsum exhibits a straight line from the root to the tip; the most common nasal profile; e.g. Grecian. |
| Submandibular | describing those portions which lie immediately inferior to the mandible. |
| Submental sulcus | the junction of the base of the chin and the submandibular area, which may appear as a furrow, a natural facial marking. |
| Sunken | situated as a depression; concave. |
| Superciliary arches | the inferior part of the forehead just superior to the median ends of the eybebrows |
| Supercilia (singular) supercilium | eyebrows |
| Superior palpebral sulcus | the furrow of the superior border of the upper eyelid; an acquired facial marking. |
| Supraorbital area | region between the supercilium and the superior palpebrae. |
| Supraorbital margins | the superior rim of the eye sockets. |
| Taper | a form which receded away from a given point; a form which becomes graduall smaller toward one end; to reduce gradually from the center |
| Temporal cavity | the concave surface of the head overlying the temporal bone. |
| Temporalis | muscle of mastication which help to close the mandible |
| Termination/Terminal | limit; end; the part which terminates. |
| Three quarter view | in reference to a photograph, a view which reveals the fullness of the cheeks |
| Tip | the extremity of anything which tapers (e.g. the tip of the nose; the termination of the forward projection of the nose). |
| Tragus | elevation protecting the ear passage (external auditory meatus). |
| Transverse frontal sulci | furrows which cross the forehead; acquired facial markings. |
| Trauma | a physical injury or wound caused by external force or violence. |
| Triangular | a frontal head form in which the face is wider between the angles of the mandible than it is at the forehead; representing a triangle in shape; formed by three lines and having three angles (least common geometric head form). |
| Triangular fossa | depression between the crura of the ear; the second deepest depression of the ear |
| Tumor | a spontaneous new growth of tissue forming an abnormal mass. |
| Unexposed area | a part which is, or will be, hidden from view. |
| Variations | changes in form, extent, etc.; things somewhat different from another of the same kind |
| Vertex | Crown |
| Vertical | perpendicular to the plane of the horizon; balanced. |
| Vertical-concave profile | one in which the forehead and the eyebrows project equally to a vertical line and the chin protrudes more than the upper lip. |
| Vertical-convex profile | one in which the forehead and the eyebrows project equally to a vertical line and the chin recedes from the projection of the upper lip |
| Vertical (balanced) profile | one in which the forehead, upper lip and chin project equally to an imaginary vertical line; e.g. balanced. |
| Vitreous humor | the semi-fluid, transparent substance which lies between the retina and lens of the eyeball. |
| Weather line | the line of color change at the junction of the wet and dry portions of each mucous membrane. |
| Width | the dimension of an object measured across from side to side. |
| Wings of the nose | lateral lobes of the nose. |
| Zygomatic arch | the processes on the temporal and zygomatic bones; determines the widest part of the face. |
| Zygomatic arch depression | one of the lesser concavities of the face located on the lateral portion of the cheek inferior to the zygomatic arch. |
| Zygomaticofrontal process | the lateral rim of the eye socket formed by a process of the frontal bone and a process of the zygomatic bone. |
| Zygomaticus major | muscles of the face which draw the superior lip posteriorly and superiorly. |
| Zygomaticus minor | muscles of the face which draw the superior lip superiorly and anteriorly. |
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jennie.fredrickson
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