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Radiation Protection
Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Changes in blood count are classic examples of | organic damage |
| Cellular damage includes the possibility of the following: | Mutations cataracts leukemia |
| Abnormal cell function or entire loss of cell function. | cellular damage |
| ___ is intended to be the best estimate of overall harm that might be produced by a given dose of radiation in human tissue. It takes into account both the type of radiation and the part of the body irradiated. | Effective dose |
| ___ takes into account the type of ionizing radiation that was absorbed. | Equivalent dose |
| Refers to the amount of kinetic energy per unit mass that has been absorbed in a material die to its interaction with ionizing radiation. | Absorbed dose |
| If two atoms have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons, they are | isotopes |
| The atomic number identifies what? | an element and determines its placement in the periodic table of elements |
| The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is its | atomic number or Z number |
| What is the difference between electrons and beta (and alpha) particles | Their origin, electrons come from atomic shells, beta come from within the nuclei. |
| Very high speed and penetrating | beta particles |
| This particle is large and doesn't penetrate far. They lose energy very quickly so it doesn't travel far | Alpha particles |
| Particulate radiation vary in their ability to | penetrate matter |
| A naturally occurring process in which unstable nuclei relieve that instability by various types of nuclear spontaneously emissions, one of which is the emission of charged particles. | Radioactive decay |
| The radiation that falls under the sub category ionizing radiation called particulate radiation includes | alpha particles beta particles neutrons protons |
| The foundation of the interactions of x rays with human tissue | ionization |
| Which types of radiation are ionizing? | x rays gamma rays UV rays with energy greater than 10eV |
| The electromagnetic spectrum is divided into two parts: | Ionizing radiation non ionizing radiation |
| The speed of light is equal to | 3.0 x 10^8 m/s |
| All forms of electromagnetic radiation have one thing in common: | they travel at the speed of light (their velocity) |
| The full range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves is known as | magnetic spectrum |
| Radiation is what type of energy? | Kinetic |
| For children in general, their risk of having cancer in their later years is ____ greater than adults. | 3 |
| Define what BERT is used for | Background Equivalent radiation time (BERT) Used to help patients understand the amount of dose they are receiving from an X ray compared to their normal back round dose. |
| BERT is based on an annual U.S. population exposure of approximately _____mSV per year. | 3 |
| ___ is the possibility of inducing adverse biologic effects such as injury to the skin or induction of cancer or a genetic defect after irradiation. | Risk |
| Who is expressly charged by the hospital admin with being directly responsible for the execution, enforcement and the maintenance of the ALARA program? | Radiation safety officer (RSO) |
| Occupational radiation exposure of imaging personnel can be minimized by the use of these cardinal principles; | Shorten the length of time spent in a room when x radiation is produced. Stand at the greatest distance possible. Interpose a radiation absorbent shielding material between the radiographer and the source of radiation. |
| To reduce the exposure to the patient: | Reduce the amount of the x ray beam on time. Use as much distance as warranted between the e ray tube and the patient for the exam. Always shield the patient. |
| The three cardinal rules of radiation protection are | time distance shielding |
| ALARA is synonymous with the term | Optimization for radiation protection (ORP) |
| ALARA is an acronym for | As Low As Reasonably Achievable |
| ___ is the degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in the patient while adhering to radiation safety guidelines | diagnostic efficacy |
| Effective dose is measured in | millisievert |
| The term ___ is an attempt to provide a quantity that is measured of general arm in humans. It takes into account the exact type of radiation and the specific organs or organ systems irradiated. | Effective dose |
| Absorbed dose is measured in | milligray, a submit of the gray in the SI. |
| ____ is the amount of energy that is deposited in a material per unit mass of the material. | Absorbed dose |
| Exposure is measured in | Coulomb per kilogram (C/kg) or Milliroentgens (mR) |
| Devices called ____ can measure this quantity directly and are used to determine the amount of radiation produced by x ray equipment. | Ionization chambers |
| The three main types of quantity to consider with exposure: | Exposure absorbed dose Effective dose |
| ___ may be defined simply as effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation. | Radiation protection |
| The goal of modern radiation protection programs is twofold: | to protect persons from both short term and long term effects of radiation. |
| X ray beams generally have within them a wide range of energies; that is, x ray beams are normally _____ instead of monoenergetic. | heterogeneous |
| Will the information obtained from the exam benefit patient care, increase lifespan, have no affect, or decrease lifespan? | Risk-Benefit Continuum |
| Degree to which the exam accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease and/or injury | Diagnostic Efficacy |
| Radiation induced cancer does not have a fixed | threshold |
| Where does radiation come from? | Naturally occurring background radiation COSMIC, TERRESTRIAL, INTERNAL RADIONUCLIDES |
| Radon cannot exceed | 2.0 mSv/year |
| Man made radiation cannot exceed | 3.3 mSv/year |
| More absorbed energy = | more biologic damage to patient |
| The target is made of | Tungsten |
| Examples of inherent filtration (built in) | Glass window filters out low energy x rays or photons |
| Exit through inherent filtration | Primary Beam (useful) |
Created by:
cdprice
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