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Index A
Tech Manual 14th edition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| A inventory | system where “A” (most importnant) is 20 percent of items representing 65 percent of the inventory’s total value |
| B inventory | “B” (2nd most important) is 30 percent of items representing 25 percent of the inventory’s total value |
| C inventory | “C”(least importnant) is 50 percent of items representing 10 percent of the inventory’s total value |
| Absorption | process that brings the drug from the site of administration into the body |
| Accredited | officially recognized or authorized; U.S. pharmacy institutions are accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy |
| Acetylcholine | neurotransmitter that starts in discrete areas of the brain and spreads across wide areas of the brain; associated with learning, memory and arousal |
| Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) | disease of the human immune system that is characterized by a reduction in the numbers of CD4-bearing helper T cells to 20 percent or less of normal, thereby rendering the subject highly vulnerable to life-threatening condition |
| Acromegaly | when growth hormone excess occurs in adulthood |
| Activated charcoal | black powder derived from charred wood used in a suspension to treat those who have ingested poison |
| Active listening | a communication technique, like the SOLER method |
| Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) | heart attack; occurs when a plaque ruptures and causes a blood clot (thrombus) to form in the coronary artery |
| Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) | when a patient experiences a complete obstruction of the coronary artery |
| Acute organ rejection | cellular organ rejection (T-cell mediated) that occurs when the host immune system has a reaction to the markers on the donor organ |
| Acute pain | pain with a sudden onset; usually nociceptive in nature and generally has a clear cause; generally resolves quickly once the damage has healed or has been treated |
| Acute renal failure (ARF) | abrupt decline of kidney function; an abrupt increase in serum creatinine by more than 50 percent over a 24- to 48-hour period |
| Adaptive immunity | involves an immune response to the foreign invader, usually consists of sending certain types of cells to destroy the threat, has the ability to “remember” pathogens it has encountered previously and tailor its response to be more efficient |
| Addiction | a chronic, relapsing disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite negative consequences and by long-lasting changes in the brain |
| Addison’s disease | occurs when there is abnormally low function of the adrenal gland; the actual tissue of the adrenal cortex is usually damaged, which leads to deficiencies in all of the hormones produced by the adrenal corte |
| Additive effect | occurs when two or more drugs interact to produce a combined effect that is the sum of the individual drugs alone |
| Adenomas | tumors |
| Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | base energy molecule used by most cells in the body |
| Adequate Intake (AI) | goal for each person for those nutrients that do not have a Recommended Dietary Allowance |
| Adjuvant therapy | chemotherapy administered after surgery to ensure that any potentially remaining cancer cells do not survive |
| Admixture | parenteral dosage form made from combining several drug products for administration as a single entity |
| Adrenal cortex | outer portion of the adrenal gland that secretes hormones essential to the body |
| Adrenal glands | small glands that produce steroid hormones, adrenaline and noradrenaline, which help control heart rate, blood pressure and other important body functions and are located on top of each kidney |
| Adrenal insufficiency | a disorder when the adrenal cortex makes too little steroid hormones |
| Adrenal medulla | endocrine organ that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine for the activation of the sympathetic nervous system |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone | a major hormones produced in the anterior pituitary |
| Adulterated | contaminated or not manufactured appropriately |
| Adverse drug reaction (ADR) | unintended effect that occurs when a drug is given |
| Adverse event | unintended effect that occurs when a drug is given |
| Aerosols | sprayable products employing propellants (liquefied gasses) and valve systems to deliver medication; used for topical application to the skin, inhalation into the lungs and local application in the nose and mouth |
| Affective disorder | mental disorder characterized by a consistent, pervasive alteration in one’s thoughts, emotions and behaviors |
| Agonist | drug or other chemical that can combine with a receptor on a cell to produce a physiologic reaction typical of a naturally occurring substance |
| Albumin | blood protein that maintains blood volume |
| Aldosterone | mineralocorticoid that is part of the body’s system for retaining or releasing water and electrolytes |
| Alkylating agents | work by stopping DNA and protein synthesis within the cancer cell nucleus, preventing the cancer cell from dividing |
| Allergen | substance that induces allergy |
| Allergic rhinitis | inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose triggered by exposure to airborne allergens, such as dust, pollen or mold |
| Alopecia | hair loss anywhere on the body, including the head, face, arms, legs, underarms or pubic region |
| Alveoli | air sacs in the lungs |
| Ambulatory pharmacy service | health care provided by pharmacy professionals to the walk-in (ambulatory) patien |
| Amenorrhea | abnormal discontinuation of menstruation |
| Ampule (Amp) | sterile glass or plastic container holding a single dose of parenteral solution |
| Amygdala | screens for danger or threats to survival, and sends alerts to the forebrain for direction |
| Amylase | enzyme in saliva that helps to break down carbohydrates in food |
| Anaphylactic reactions | allergic hypersensitivity reaction of the body to a foreign protein or drug |
| Anaphylaxis | severe allergic reaction that may lead to shock and can be fatal if left untreated |
| Anemia | reduced production of red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body |
| Angina | chest pain |
| Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors | medications used to treat hypertension |
| Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) | medications used to treat hypertension |
| Anniversary filling | regular delivery medication schedule established using the day that the order is first written as the “anniversary” of when the delivery will be made |
| Anovulation | absence of ovulation |
| Antacids | available as oral suspensions, swallowable tablets, chewable tablets and soft chews that resemble gum; used to relieve symptoms of refluxing acid into the esophagus, acid indigestion, heartburn and upset stomach |
| Antagonize | interfere with |
| Ante area | an ISO Class 8 or better area where high-particulate generating activities are appropriate |
| Anterior Cingulate Gyros (ACG) | integrates signals and language from outside the central nervous system; concisely sends these messages to the cortex and then sends a return message from the cortex to the appropriate part of the body that needs to respond |
| Anterior lobe | secretes such hormones as growth hormone (GH or somatotropin), ACTH and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
| Anticholinergic medications | work by preventing the constriction of the smooth muscle surrounding the airway, which allows the airways to dilate, leading to air flowing more freely in and out of the lungs |
| Anticoagulant medications | medications that stop or slow the clotting process |
| Antidote | a substance used to neutralize, or counteract, the damage caused by a specific toxin or favorably alter the toxic effects of the poison |
| Antiemetics | drug that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting |
| Antigen | active ingredient in a vaccine; any foreign substance that can stimulate the body’s immune response |
| Anti-inflammatory agents (corticosteroids) | property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation; make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation |
| Antimetabolites | work by affecting proteins or enzymes that are necessary for growth and survival within cells, or work by disrupting DNA and/or RNA synthesis within the cell nucleus |
| Antimicrotubules | agents that work by stopping microtubules from assembling properly |
| Antiplatelet medications | medications that interfere with platelet aggregation, the initial step in blood clot formation |
| Antipyretics | preventing, removing or allaying fever |
| Anxiety | emotional state experienced when faced with a stressful event or a situation in which there is real or perceived danger |
| Aorta | body’s largest artery |
| Aortic valve | valve in the heart between the left ventricle and the aorta |
| Arteries | blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart |
| Arthritis | group of diseases collectively referred to as inflammatory joint diseases |
| Ascites | accumulation of serous fluid within the abdominal cavity, resulting from portal hypertension |
| Aseptic processing | mode of processing pharmaceutical and medical products in at least an ISO Class 5 environment that involves manipulating a sterile product without contaminating it |
| Assisted reproductive technology | involves the direct retrieval of eggs from a woman’s ovaries and the manipulation of sperm and/or embryos to achieve pregnancy |
| Asthma | chronic, long-term disease that affects the lungs, characterized by variable airflow obstruction that is often reversible either spontaneously or with treatment |
| Astrocytes (astroglia) | have numerous projections that anchor these cells to the blood system; regulate the external chemical environment of the neurons by removing excess ions and recycling neurotransmitters, primary cells that metabolize ammonia in the brain |
| Ataxia | lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movements, such as walking or picking up objects; a sign of an underlying condition, ataxia can affect your movements, your speech, your eye movements and your ability to swallow |
| Atherosclerosis | slow buildup of a plaque in the coronary arteries |
| Atherosclerotic | buildup of a waxy plaque on the inside of blood vessels |
| Atopic dermatitis | severe form of dermatitis characterized by atopy |
| Atria | top chambers of the heart that receive blood from other parts of the body |
| Atrophy | breakdown of the pituitary gland |
| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) | classified as a neurobehavioral developmental disorder; characterized by the coexistence of attention problems, hyperactivity and symptoms starting before seven years of age |
| Audience | the intended recipient of a communication |
| Audit | examination or evaluation of a pharmacy’s operation to determine compliance |
| Automated dispensing cabinet (ADC)/night cart | specially designed devices that allow for the secure storage and the safe dispensing of medications in a patient care area |
| Autonomic nervous system | controls the involuntary components of the nervous system, such as those innervated by smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands |
| Auxiliary labels | labels affixed to medication containers that provide additional information, reminders or warnings to the patient about medication use and are used to supplement direct patient counseling and the prescription label |
| Average wholesale price (AWP) | intended to represent the average price that a pharmaceutical company charges wholesalers wishing to purchase the product |
| Axon | single fibers that usually carry impulses from the main body of a neuron either to other neurons or to a muscle or a gland in order for that area to respond to the sensory stimulus that first came down a dendrite to the neuron’s main body |
Created by:
Danijack2007
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