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MESH
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Motives vs emotions | Motive- need or desire that energizes behavior and directed towards goal Emotion- feeling that underlies behavior |
Instincts | Complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout the species and are not learned. Originally, we thought that humans had instincts. This theory fell out of favor and psychology because most important human behaviors are learned, humans have reflexes |
Needs vs drives | Need- requirement that has to be filled and creates a state of arousal (a drive). Drive- keeps us motivated and working to fulfill the need |
Biological / primary drives | Unlearned drive based on a physiological state found in all animals. The hypothalamus is responsible for hunger and thirst. The four fs- fighting, fleeing, feeding, and fornication |
Homeostasis | The ability or tendency of an organism to maintain internal equilibrium or balance, ex: once drive is met, you're done |
Secondary drives | Learned drives, not biologically |
Operant conditioning factors | Incentives - environmental cues that trigger a motive or a desire for a reward. |
Two general types of rewards | Intrinsic- from the action itself or from within. Extrinsic- for something else |
Intrinsic motivators | refers to motivation that comes from inside and individual rather than from any external or outside rewards. Is stronger than external motivation. Ex: I want to do while on my AP so I can prove to myself that I can |
Extrinsic motivators | Refers to motivation that comes from external or outside rewards, such as money or grades |
Theories of motivation | Drive reduction theory, arousal theory, hierarchy of motives |
Drive reduction theory | Need --> aroused tension state (drive) --> satisfy needs/ drive reducing behavior |
Physiological aim of drive reduction | Homeostasis- the maintenance of a steady internal balance. |
Strengths and weaknesses of drive reduction theory | Strength - nice job explaining most primary drives. Weakness- falls apart with more complex behaviors /secondary drives |
Optimum arousal | Humans seek optimal levels of arousal, sometimes we want lots and sometimes we want very low. |
Arousal theory | People do things in order to seek out an optimal level of arousal for a given moment. This explains more complex drives |
Yerkes-dodson law | States that there is an optimal level of arousal for best performance on any task. Complex task = lower level of arousal, simple task = higher level of arousal. "Your key is to find optimum arousal" |
Hierarchy of needs theory | Maslow- certain needs have priority over others. (Poopy shiz butt bull shiz) |
Harlow contact experiment | Surrogate mother 1 - wire mesh, food, and warmth. Surrogate mother 2 - cuddles, warmth but no food. Orphans monkeys preferred surrogate mother 2 |
Aggression | behavior that is intended to inflict physical or physiological harm on others. Freud saw it as a innate drive at that builds up until released |
Differences in aggression | Cultural- US has high rates of homicides. Gender- most violence is committed by men, but most men aren't |
Why differences in aggression | Testosterone?- can be associated with aggressiveness and irritability, and societal influences? |
Types of achievement | Work orientation - desire to work harder to do a good job. mastery - take on difficult challenges just to get better. Competitiveness - enjoyment of pitting one's skills against those of other people |
Characteristics of achievers | tactile Learners, overcome mental sets, driven to look up to high internal standards, self-confident, take on responsibilities, don't now to social pressures |
Affiliation | The needed to be with other people. Increases when we feel threatened |
Biology of thirst | Monitors the level of fluid inside the cells. Levels drop thirst drive is activated. Another monitors level fluid outside the cells causing less blood flow to the kidneys which causes the activation of thirst drive. Thirst because of kidneys come environm |
Biology of hunger | Stomach contractions send signals to the brain making us aware of our hunger |
Stomach removed experiment | Tsang removed rats stomachs, connected the esophagus to the small intestine, and the rats still felt hungry |
Glucose and hunger | the glucose level in blood is maintained by your pancreas. Insulin decreases glucose in the blood, when the level gets too low, we feel hungry. levels of glucose in blood monitored by receptors which sends a signal to the hypothalamus |
Hypothalamic centers | Lateral hypothalamus (LH)- brings on hunger, reduction of blood glucose stimulates orexin in the LH. Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)- satiety |
Leptin | fat cells in our body produce leptin. Hypothalamus to the monitors these levels. High levels of leptin signaled the brain to reduce appetite increase the rate at which fat is burned. Leptin deficiency can cause obesity |
Psychology of hunger | Environmental cues, memory, emotional attachment, social expectations, and conditioning |
Taste preferences | Body chemistry and environmental factors influence not only how much or when we feel hunger but we feel hungry for, ex: countries with hot climates use more bacteria inhibiting spices in meat dishes |
Diet industry | 20 billion dollar industry. 85% of customers are females and has a failure rate in the 90s |
Set point theory | According to this theory, there is it a control system built into every person dictating how much fat he or she should carry. Some individuals have a high setting, others have a low one. |
How to change the set point | Dieting does nothing because body reacts to stringent dieting as tho famine has set in. Within a day or two after semi-starvation begins, the metabolic machinery shifts to a cautious regimen designed to conserve the calories. So far no one knows for sure |
Messing with set point | Studies show that a person's weight at the set point is optimal for efficient activity and a stable, optimistic mood |
Environment and hunger | External incentives- sight, sound, and smell of food. Culture- Americans view obesity as weakness, while other cultures dont. culture affects taste, for example we disliked foods we have not been exposed to |
Anorexia Nervosa | Normal weight person has distorted self perceptions of being fat. Self-starvation regiments. Considered anorexia once 15% or more underweight. Nine out of 10 times it is an adolescent female |
Bulimia Nervosa | Eating disorder characterized by excessive eating followed by purging. Fear of going away, preoccupation with food, suffering from depression and or anxiety |
Eating disorder causes | Genetic links and cultural pressures- stronger and weight conscious cultures, mothers concerned with own weight are more likely to have children with eating disorders, pictures, and commercials |
Childhood Trauma | Measured by ACE- adverse childhood experience. higher ACE scores correlate with health issues. |
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response | fight/flight response can helpful in low doses. When kids exposed to high levels adversity every day this response happens all the time. During stress, body reduce production of white blood cells. After long term stress, immune system is compromised |
HPV | Human papilloma virus, sexually transmitted infection that can cause cervical cancer |
HIV/AIDS | Human immunodeficiency virus, sexually transmitted infection that shuts down immune system |
Emotions | Full body responses, involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience |
Controversies of emotion | which comes first, physiological arousal or subjective experience of an emotion? Can we act emotionally before appraising a situation, or just thinking always precede an emotion? |
Why we have emotions | Result of genetics and learning, especially early in life. Emotion to serve as arousal states that help organisms cope with important reoccurring |
Universality of emotion | Despite different languages, cultures, and social norms studies suggest that people understand the same facial language around the world |
Emotion basics | The concept of emotion emphasizes arousal, both physical and mental, while motivation emphasizes on how does arousal becomes action |
Origins of emotion | Discovery of two distinct emotional pathways in the brain: fast pathway- mostly operates at unconscious level, these cues has seemed to have a built-in, and sensitivity to certain cues. Slower pathway- linked to explicit memory, relies on cerebral cortex |
Limbic system and emotions | the amygdala plays an especially important role in both emotion pathways. The past it was the thought that the amygdala was simply involves the negative emotions. Recently has been discovered that it plays a role in positive emotions as well |
Why women are viewed as more emotional than men | Biology - genetic makeup of men and women do lead women to having more emotion. Culture - boys and girls learn different lessons about emotion and emotion control |
Gender effects on emotion | Women-better detecting emotions, smile more, gesture with more emotion... Men- Express anger more readily. Men and women - difficult to read nonverbal cues of opposite sex |
Lateralization of emotion | different parts of our brains in with different emotions. And the cerebral cortex, the right hemisphere generally specializes in negative emotions and the left hemisphere generally processes more positive and joyful emotions |
Theories of emotion | James-Lange, Cannon-Bard, Schachter-Singer, opponent process, cognitive-appraisal (Jesus Chrst sits on cats) |
James-Lange theory | Stimulus --> arousal --> emotion. Emotion follows behavior. |
Cannon Bard theory | Stimulus --> arousal and emotion at same time |
Schachter-singer/two-factor theory | Stimulus --> cognitive label and arousal--> emotion |
Cognitive appraisal theory | The song that we look back on a situation and consciously decide how we should feel about the situation |
Opponent-process theory of emotion | When one motion is experienced, the other is supressed |
Cognition and emotion | Lazarus- brain processes most of info outside of consciousness. Zajonc- Emotion and cognition are separate, interpretations of situations are slower than emotional |
Fear | Response to dangerous situations coordinated by autonomic nervous system: sympathetic- arousal, parasympathetic- calming |
Nonverbal communication | Also known as body language, ex: facial expressions, tone of voice... |
Ekman's seven basic emotions | SAS HDF (surprise, anger, sadness, happiness, disgust, and fear) |
Display rules of emotion | the seven emotions are universal, but the display rules vary greatly, depending on the culture. He defines display rules as of the permissible ways of displaying emotions in a given society |
Reading Emotion | in addition to being universal, the ability to read facial expressions is learned from childhood. Psychologists think that children as young as five-years-old have the same ability to recognize emotion on a person's face as an adult does |
Plutchik emotion wheel | Logic suggests that rather than 7, we have eight primary emotions and eight secondary emotions. More complex emotions occur when pairs of adjacent emotions combine, ex: love is a combo of joy and acceptance |
Culture effects on emotion | Power- person with less power is more motivated to read nonverbal cues and will read them better. Growing up in a more expressive families or cultures. Cultures disagree about meaning behind gestures |
Independent cultures vs. Individualistic cultures | Independent- less emotionally expressive. Individualistic - more emotionally expressive |
Health psychology | Fields of psychology that contributes to behavioral medicine. The field study stress-related aspects of disease |
Stress vs stressor | Stress is not a situation, but a response. Stress- a physical and mental response to a challenging or threatening situation. Stressor- a stressful stimulus or situation demanding adaptation |
Traumatic stressors | A situation that threatens yours, or others physical safety and promote the feeling of helplessness |
five stages of Traumatic stressors (PACLR) | Psychic numbness- shock, confusion... automatic action- little awareness of experience. Communal effort - people work together. Letdown- setting in of the magnitude and impact of the situation. Recovery- survivors adapt to changes caused by disaster. |
Types of stressors | Life changes, everyday hassles, delays, lack of resources, losses, failure, and discrimination |
Types of conflict | Approach/approach- conflict between 2 appealing possibilities, regret. Avoidance/avoidance- conflict between 2 undesirable, escape. Approach/avoidance- being simultaneously attracted to and repelled by the same goal, paralysis |
Gender differences in emotion | Morin teen girls and boys report symptoms of stress and are more likely to say stress impacts their happiness a great deal |
Types of stress | Acute- short term, chronic- long term |
Three levels of stress | 1)catastrophes- structures that are unpredictable and large. 2) significant life events. 3)daily hassels |
PTSD | Post-traumatic stress disorder- individuals who have experienced severe ordeals of such as: war, natural disaster, torture, rape, come back, witnessing something violent. |
Response to a normal stressor | Arousal --> fight or flight --> internal response of the autonomic nervous system --> decrease the effectiveness of the immune system |
How stressors turn into stress | differences in reaction to stressors may be due to an individual's appraisal. Potential stressor --> primary appraisal- is event positive, negative, neutral? --> secondary appraisal- do I have coping skills? --> stress |
How to measure stressors | Using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). accessories impact of major life changes. A total of 150 or less is good, suggesting a low level of stress in your life in a low probability of developing a stress-related disorder |
Stress from an evolutionary perspective | Stress gave a survival advantage to dangerous situations. Stress, like fever and pain, is useful in certain situations. |
General adaptation syndrome (GAS-A) | Acc to Selye, a stress response to any kind of stimulation of similar. A stressed individual goes through three phases: alarm reaction- body mobilizes resources, resistance- cope with stressor, exhaustion- reserves depleted |
Type a vs type b personality | A- more likely to have heart attack @ young age from stress. More likely to make lifestyle changes after heart attack. B- less likely to have a heart attack at a young age from lack of stress. After heart attack, less likely to make lifestyle changes. |