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Consciousness + Drug
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Waking consciousness | Thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that occur when we are awake and alert. Allows us to reflect and plan |
| Subconscious processing | Well-learned tasks that become automatic, ex: driving and typing. when you meet people you unconsciously react to their gender, age, and appearance. Parallel processing- color, form, movement, distance |
| Spontaneous forms of altered consciousness | Daydreaming, sleep, and dreaming |
| Physiologically induced forms of altered consciousness | Hallucinations, orgasm, food or oxygen starvation |
| Psychologically induced forms of altered consciousness | Sensory deprivation, hypnosis, and meditation |
| History of consciousness | psychology began as a science of consciousness. Behaviorist argued about alienating consciousness from psychology. However, after 1960, mental concepts started re-entering psychology |
| Five theories of consciousness | Neuroscience theory, evolutionary psychology theory, tripartite theory, the stream of consciousness, and consciousness as a quart of subconscious brain events |
| Neuroscience theory | We think we can get consciousness has to do with timing and sensory processing in the thalamus |
| Evolutionary psychology theory | Consciousness as an adaptation allowing us to get along with others in our group. Allows us to 'see' ourselves in there for moderate our behavior |
| Tripartite theory | Our ego, super-ego and Id are all on our unconscious mind. Our ego and superego only are a little in our conscious mind |
| The stream of consciousness theory | consciousness results from the activity of the thalamus which analyzes and interprets info to the cerebral cortex. We 'sweep and scan' 40 times per second. each sweep result in a moments of consciousness. Has to do with intralaminar nucleus |
| Consciousness as a chord of subconscious brain events theory | neuroscientists believe that consciousness emerges from the interaction of individual subconscious brain events much like a cord that is created from different musical. Everything you see, do, hear, and smell is in the past |
| Daydreaming | spontaneous ships attention away from here and now in to make believe world. Urge to daydream peaks around every 90 minutes and its highest between 12:00 and 2. Daydreams May provide stress relief and encourage creativity |
| Measuring sleep | About every 90-minutes we pass through a cycle of a 5/4 distinct sleep stages. This is measured through left to eye movements, right eye movements, EMG, and EEG |
| Brain activity while awake and alert | During strong mental engagement, the brain exhibits low amplitude and fast, regular beta waves (it's beta to be awake) |
| Brain activity while awake but relaxed | when individual closes his eyes but remains awake, his brain activity slows down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves |
| Sleep stages 1-2 | During early, light sleep the brain enters a high-amplitude, slow, regular waveform called theta waves. Theta waves also occur while daydreaming |
| Sleep stages 3-4 | During deep asleep, brain activity slows down. There are a large amplitude slow delta waves |
| REM sleep | after reaching the deepest sleep stage, the sleep cycle starts moving backward toward stage 1. Although still asleep, the brain engages in low amplitude, fast and regular beta waves much like when awake |
| Results of sleep deprivation | Fatigue and subsequent death, impaired concentration, emotional irritability, depressed immune system, and greater vulnerability |
| Car accidents and sleep | Frequency of accidents increase with the loss of sleep |
| REM rebound | when you are sleep-deprived you lose out on two types of sleep, REM and NREM. Typically, after sleep deprivation you have a tendency to get more REM sleep than you would normally get. This is your body's way of trying to catch up on its REM sleep |
| 4 sleep theories | Sleep protects: kept our ancestors out of harm's way. Sleep recuperates: sleep helps restore and repair brain tissue. Sleep helps remembering: sleep restores and rebuild our fading memories. Sleep and growth:the pituitary gland releases growth hormones |
| Circadian rhythms | Organisms inner-body clock that responds primarily to light and darkness. Circadian rhythms are controlled by a group of nerve cells in the brain called SCN in the hypothalamus |
| Circadian rhythms effects | Can influences sleep-wake cycles, hormone release, body temperature, and other important bodily functions. abnormal circadian rhythms have also been associated with obesity, depression... Jet lag is the disruption Andre shifting of circadian rhythms |
| Insomnia | Difficulty falling asleep or remaining asleep. Affects about 35 million Americans. May be related to stress, depression, medication. Can be an effect of noise, temp, and screens |
| Sleep talking and walking | Usually occurs during stage 4 sleep, more common in children. Sleepwalking more common in boys |
| Night terrors | episodes of raid that occurred during stages three or four of the NREM sleep. Person may sit up or scream, but likely will not recall the episode in the morning. Common in children |
| Sleep Apnea | Person stops breathing momentarily during sleep, symptoms: snoring. Effects about 10 to 12 million Americans |
| REM behavior disorder (RBD) | Body fails to paralyze during REM sleep |
| Sleep paralysis | Body feels twin do the paralysis briefly upon waking |
| Narcolepsy | Suddenly falling asleep without warning during waking hours. may also drop into REM sleep immediately, causing hallucinations. Likely caused by a central nervous system defect |
| Dream findings | Eight out of ten dreams have negative emotional content. People commonly dream about failure, being attacked... sexually based dreams not most common, in men that they are 1:10 and in women 1:30. women dream men and women equally; men dream and more about |
| 4 dream theories | Activation synthesis, information processing good, cognitive theory, psychodynamic theory |
| Activation synthesis theory | Hobson- dreams result from random activation of brain cells. the brains and synthesizes this activity with existing knowledge and memories as if the signals came from environment |
| Information processing theory | Cartwright- dreams help us sort the day's events and consolidate our memories. They may also help us work out and unsolved problems. Dreams reflect current concerns |
| Cognitive theory | Hall- dreams reflect the emotional preoccupations of waking Life. Images and a dreamer sometimes symbols of her things in everyday life |
| Psychodynamic theory | Freud- wish fulfillment. Dreams provide a psychic safety valva to discharge unacceptable feelings, ex: libido and Thanatos. super ego creates a symbolic manifest content to mask the unacceptable thoughts. The true meaning is the latent content |
| Three categories of psychoactive drugs | Depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens |
| Psychoactive drug | Chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood |
| Depressants (def and types) | Depressant drugs reduce neural activity and slow body functions. Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and opiates |
| Alcohol | Most used psychoactive drug in Western societies. alcohol is not harmless, even moderate amounts can affect perception, motor processes, memory... It is highly addictive and its overall effect this to calm the nervous system |
| Barbiturates and benzodiazepines | Often used to treat insomnia. Can interfere with sleep patterns and cause dependence. Effexor similar to alcohol. Most common cause of death in Hollywood is the combination of alcohol and Barb/benzo. Barb: phenobarbital. Benzo: Xanax, valium |
| Opiates | Derived from the opium poppy. Includes opium, morphine, and heroin. opiates resemble endorphins, the body's natural pain killers. Causes euphoria followed by clouded mental functioning. Heroin: injectable, illegal. Morphine: given at hospital, legal |
| Stimulants (def and types) | Substances that excite the central nervous system. Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, ecstasy, amphetamines, methamphetamines |
| Caffeine | Naturally occurring substance found in coffee, tea, cocoa, and chocolate.added to pain medications. Increases alertness. In high doses of caffeine can cause anxiety, headaches... |
| Nicotine | Found in tobacco. Considered by many to be the most addictive stimulant and used today. depending on a mountain time smoked, can have either sedative or stimulating effects. Can cause numerous withdrawal symptoms. |
| Amphetamines | Stimulus to neural activity, causing accelerated body functions and associated energy and mood changes. Chemically similar to epinephrine. Can cause euphoria followed by a crash. Leads to cycle of addiction |
| Ecstasy and methamphetamine | acts as both a stimulant and a hallucinogen. produces a euphoric high that can damage serotonin producing neurons, which result in a permanent deflation of mood and impairment of memory. More popular in rural areas |
| Cocaine | blocks reabsorption of dopamine. Produces increased alertness, motivation, and euphoria. Crash leads to anxiety, depression... More popular in the city |
| Hallucinogens (def and types) | Substances that distort visual and auditory perception. LSD and marijuana. |
| LSD | produces hallucinations and delusions similar to a psychotic State. Can result and psychosis, memory loss, paranoia, panic attacks, nightmares and aggression |
| Marijuana | The active ingredient in marijuana, THC, produces symptoms as such as mild hallucinations, euphoria, relaxation... Can be used as a pain reliever. Less addictive than cocaine |
| Stages of addiction | Dependency, addiction, tolerance, and withdrawal |
| Substance use vs substance abuse | Use- using a substance but it does not yet interfere with a person's life. Abuse- pattern of drug use that diminishes one's ability to fill responsibilities, may result in repeated use in dangerous situations |
| Dependence | compulsive use of substance. Symptoms include: using substance for a long period, desire to cut back on use, reduction or stopping of usual activities... Psychological addiction is a psychological need to use a drug. Physical addiction is need for a drug |
| Withdrawal | after addiction, physical discomfort when the substance is stopped. Sometimes this is worse than when the person was using the drug |
| Tolerance | More substances required to obtain the original effect |
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ebab
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