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Sociology final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Someone who joins a group in order to spy on it or sabotage it by provoking its members to commit extreme acts | Marx's term for workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by their being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product -- this leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness |
| The belief that all objects in the world have spirits, some of which are dangerous and must be outwitted | Durkheim's term for a condition of society in which people become detached from the norms that usually guide their behavior |
| Growth rate equals births minus deaths per net migration | A system of reckoning descent that counts both the mother's and the father's side |
| A formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on written rules, communications, and records; and impersonality of positions | Literally, an extraordinary gift from God; more commonly, an outstanding. "magnetic" personality |
| Literally, someone to whom God has given a gift; more commonly, someone who exerts extraordinary appeal to a group of followers | Robert Bellah's term for religion that is such an established feature of a country's life that its history and social institutions become sanctified by being associated with God |
| Gustave LeBon's term for the tendency of people in a crowd to feel, think, and act in extraordinary ways | The sociological principle that schools correspond (reflects) to the social structure of their society |
| Teachings or ideas that provide a unified picture of the world | The use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs, even though the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to the actual work |
| A new religion with a few followers, whose teachings and practices put it at odds with the domnant culture and religion | A 3-stage historical process of population growth: 1,high birth rates and high death rates; 2, high birth rates and low death rates; and 3, low birth rates and low death rates |
| The study of the size, composition, growth, and distribution of human populations | The violation of rules and norms |
| Each arrangement, or thesis, contains contradictions, or antithesis, which must be resolved; the new arrangement, or synthesis, contains its own contradictions and so on | The spread of an invention or a discovery from one area to another; identified by William Ogburn as one of the 3 processes of social change |
| A new way of seeing reality; identified by William Ogburn as one of the 3 processes of social change | A religious group so integrated into the dominant culture that it is difficult to tell where the one begins and the other leaves off; also called state religion |
| A formal system of teaching knowledge, values, and skills | The practice of marrying within one's own group |
| Authority more or lessequally divided between people or groups, in this instance between the id and the demands of society | Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian's term for the idea that people develop new norms to cope with a new situation; used to explain crowd behavior |
| The study of diseas and disability pattern in a population | Having distinctive cultural characteristics |
| About the same numbers of people moving up and down the social class ladderr, such that on balance, the social class system shows little change | The practice of marrying outside one's group |
| A nuclear family plus other relatives, such as grandparents, uncles, and aunts | Two or more people who consider themselves related by blood, marriage or adoption |
| The family in which a person grows up | The family formed when a couples first child is born |
| The number of children that women are capable of bearing | The number of children that the average woman bears |
| A substitute that serves the same functions or meets the same needs as religion | The belief that true religion is threatened by modernism and its values and that the faith as it was originally practiced should be restored |
| The process by which education opens and closes doors of opportunity; another term for the social placement function of education | The behaviors and attitudes considered proper for its males and femals; masculinity or femininity |
| Middle class people moving into a rundown area of a city, displacing the poor as they buy and restore homes | Higher grades given for the same work; a general rise in students grades without a corresponding increase in learing |
| The unwritten goals of schools, such as teaching obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms | The tendency of people with similar characteristics to marry one another |
| The rule that prohibits sex and marriage among designated relatives | The combination of exsisting elements and materials to form new ones; identified by William Ogburn as one of the 3 process for social change |
| Robert Michel's term for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite | The view that labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behaviors either into deviance or conformity |
| Helping people to become part of the mainstream of society | An observation by Thomas Malthus that although the food supply increases arithmetically (1,2,3) the population grows geometrically (2,4,8,16) |
| A group's approved mating arrangements, usually marked by a ritual of some sort | A society in which women as a group dominant men as a group |
| The transformation of a human condition into a matter to be treated by pysicians | A central city and the urbanized counties adjacent to it |
| The transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies | The belief that there is only one God |
| A fear that grips a large number of people that sine evil threatens the well-being of society, followed by hostility, sometimes violence toward those thought responsible | A family consisting of a husband, wife and Child(ren) |
| A society or group in which men dominate women; authority is vested in males | A system of reckoning descent that counts only the father's side |
| A form of marriage in which women have more than one husband | A form of marriage in which men have more than one wife |
| The belief that there are many gods | Respect or Regard for |
| Durkheim's term for common elements of everyday life | Weber's term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by hard work and frugalty |
| A dispersed group of people relavant to a social movement; the sympathetic and hostile publics have an interest in the issues on which a social movement focuses; there is also unaware or indifferent public | Physical characteristics that distinguish one group from another |
| Beliefs and practices that seperate the profane from the sacred and unite its adherents into a moral community | Ceremonies or repetitive practices; religious observances or rites, often intended to evoke a sense of awe of the sacred |
| Feelings of erotic attraction accompanied by an idealization of the other | Durkheim's term for things set apart or forbidden, that inspire fear, awe, reverence, or deep respect |
| A religious group larger than a cult that still feels substantial hostility from and toward society | Belonging to the world and its affairs |
| The process by which a culture becomes less influenced by a religion | The replacement of a religion's spiritual or "other worldy" concerns with concerns about this world |
| A pattern of parenting in which a father, after divorce, reduces contact with his own children, acts as a father to the children he marries or lives with, then ignores these children, too, after marrying or living with another woman | A social role that excuses people from normal obligations because that are sick or injured, while at the same time expecting the to seek competent help and cooperate in getting well |
| The alteration of culture and societies over time | Movement up or down the social class ladder |
| A large group of people who are organized to promote or resist some social change | A function of education -- funneling people into a society's various positions |
| Passing students on to the next level even though they have not mastered basic materials | Weber's term for the desire to accumulate capital as a duty -- not to spen it, but as an end in itself -- and to constantly reinvest it |
| A government-sponsored religion; also called ecclesia | How kinship is traced over the generations |
| The sorting of students into different educational programs on the basis of real or perceived abilities |
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