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QuietEye

Presentation Cards

TermDefinition
Slide 1: What it says: Working memory improvement…. What I will say: Improving working memory using the adaptive Dual n-Back training task
What it says: Processing efficiency benefits…. What I will say: leads to transferable benefits relating to processing efficiency
What it says: Competitive anxiety reduction…. What I will say: And that processing efficiency will protect tennis players against the negative impact of performance anxiety
What it says: Measures…. What I will say: The measures used were eye tracking to calculate Quiet eye and its relationship with attentional control and performance in the tennis volley task
Slide 2: Dual N-Back First thing to say: Introduce: now I'm going to quickly touch back on the important components and things learned and compare them with other studies and research
Slide 2: Dual N-Back Second thing to say: So the: Dual N-Back training proved to work and improved working memory capacity after training. The task has been proven to increase individuals working memory and executive function, it is acknowledged as one of the best instruments.
Slide 2: Dual N-Back Third thing to say It covers INHIBITION which is about resistance to distraction
Slide 2: Dual N-Back Fourth thing to say SHIFTING = switching between multiple tasks or mental sets.
Slide 2: Dual N-Back Fifth thing to say UPDATING = requires actively manipulating relevant information in WM by monitoring incoming information for task relevance and then revising the items held in WM by replacing older information.
Slide 2: Dual N-Back Sixth thing to say And one of the key features is that it ramps up and so tailors to the individual to push up their person specific ability.
Slide 3: Brain with lifting bar What does near transfer effect mean? training and test results reflecting an improvement of skill in an area that is closely related to the training, it is about building automaticity into the training.
Slide 4: Nadal: Far Transfer Effect What is far transfer effect This study also found Far Transfer effect, and so what they mean here is that the adaptive Dual N-Back training led to a performance improvement over time on the tennis task, the training transferred to another area that doesn’t relate to the Dual N-Back
Slide 5: 2nd Nadal: Brain Training? first thing to say? Ask people for their views on Brain training?
Slide 6: Susanne Jaeggi Slide Intro? OK, so looking across the other research into “Brain training” and Dual N-Back there are a lot of interesting findings and variability.
Slide 6: Susanne Jaeggi slide Brain Training? Where was she from, what did she find? University of California is a leader in the field, she has consistently found individual differences in improvement and longevity.
Slide 6: Jaeggi slide Brain Training? What did she find in her 2011 paper? In her 2011 paper she tested hundreds of children and found that only those who “considerably improved” were able to also demonstrate a performance increase on an untrained fluid intelligence tasks.
Slide 6: Jaeggi slide Brain Training? What did she find in her 2008 paper? Jaeggi within the papers cited literature from 2008 identifies that training consistently leads to near transfer performance improvements BUT not to far transfer, to quote her “TRANSFER TO OTHER DOMAINS IS SHOCKINGLY RARE”
Slide 6: Jaeggi slide Brain Training? So what is it important to do? So it is important to bear this in mind about memory training. Perhaps if we think about “automaticity” and then also in the same way how we can improve at many tasks through repeat practice.
Slide 7: Quiet Eye What does it do in relation to sport performance? how it relates consistently to accuracy in sports performance.
Slide 7: Quiet Eye Video Introduce the video - can see the fine accuracy
Slide 8: Quiet Eye Consistency of theory but not fine grain enough It is really consistent and proven so there wasn’t any dispute or discussion over how it works in theory.
Slide 8: Quiet Eye Duration? - Reduction led to performance but couldn't pin down the effect in far transfer “Quiet eye duration” was measured in this study and so when the paper talks about “reduction in quiet eye leading to a reduction in performance” they mean people who performed better kept their eye on the ball for longer prior to execution of motor system
Slide 8: Quiet Eye Offset? Instead QE Offset which was about the interaction between covert and overt attention. The idea is that both covert and overt attention can be sequentially placed on the target, one following the other.
Slide 8: Quiet Eye Inference? Highlighted can be taught & references research where it has been beneficial, and then infers that the Dual N-Back training has trained people and links through the far transfer effect. Enough Evidence?
Slide 9: ACT What does ACT posit about anxiety? anxiety impairs efficient functioning of the goal directed attention system
Slide 9: ACT How do they link through to the other areas of the WM training? Adverse effects of anxiety on processing efficiency relate to inhibition and shifting
Slide 9: ACT How to describe it in the best way linking to the theories and the tasks And so in tennis the anxiety relates to performance worry, this is a distraction (inhibition) & interferes with task related attentional control (shifting) such as concentrating on the ball & the exact period between focus & execution of the motor system.
Slide 9: ACT Bottom up processing? increased meaning focus is given unnecessarily to the planning and execution of hitting the ball rather than procedural automaticity based on prior experience. This could be considered as “overthinking the situation”
Slide 10: Theoretical limitations Sustained retention? LT gains? Dahlin et al., (2008) studied retention following tests over a five week period and found significant retention with transferability BUT only when specific neutrally correlated regions were employed in tasks
Slide 10: Theoretical limitations Ecological validity? The paper also highlighted concerns relating to ecological validity that in itself is clear as a need across lots of experimental psychology (replicability crisis). Important how IDiff play a key role
Slide 11: Experiment Limitations What was it about the active control group? Ramping
Slide 11: Experiment Limitations Demotivation? Like habituation, time after time.
Slide 11: Experiment Limitations Prior ability? There were no tests prior to understand if parts had residual exposure, Executive function headroom?
Slide 11: Experiment Limitations Adaptation? And lastly carry over effects from repeated exposure to the pressure associated with the experiment, how people will get used to it and how that links back to potentially performance within test fluctuating.
Slide 12: Opportunities? Pros and Eysenck Easy
Final slide: Critique Overall well conducted and follow up on the earlier study BUT still a lot of skepticism around 'Brain training' And individual differences as we mentioned before
Created by: robhargreaves
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