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IntroPsych-Chp3
Biological Foundation of Behavior (10th edition. McGraw-Hill, 2009)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Neuron | Individual Nerve Cell |
| Neurons are made up of 3 parts | Cell body Dendrites Axons |
| Neurons transmit messages in nervous system in 2 steps | 1. Transmission of messages from one end of the neuron to the other end 2. Transmission from one neuron to the next neuron |
| Synaptic Transmission | The transmission of one neuron to the neuron |
| Neural Transmission | The transmission of a message from one end of the neuron to the other end |
| Cell Body | Central part fo the neuron that includes the nucleus |
| Dendrites | Branches that extend out from the nucleus & receive messages from other neurons |
| Axons | Branches at other end of neuron that mostly carry neural message way from the cell body & transmit them to next neuron. |
| Nerve | A bundle of many long neurons - outside of the brain & spinal cord |
| Ions | Particles that carry either a positive or negative electrical charge (electrically charged particles) Ions move freely through the CELL MEMBRANE of the neuron |
| Ions Inside | Are NEGATIVELY charged |
| Ions Outside | Are POSITIVELY charged Sodium (Na+) |
| Semipermeable | Surface that allows one, but not all, particles to pass through |
| Polarized | Resting state of a neuron When more negative ions are inside & more positive ions are outside the cell membrane |
| Depolarization | Process during which positively charged ions flow into the axon, making it less negatively charged inside. |
| Action Potential | brief electrical signal that travels the length of the axon |
| All-or-non principal | law that states once a neural action potential is produced, its magnitude is always the same. Ramon Y Cajal believes that aural transmission always operated according to this. |
| Myelin Sheath | Insulating fatty covering wrapped around the axon that speeds the transmission of neural message. (Jelly roll, white, fatty substance) |
| Synapse | Space between he axon of one neuron and another neuron |
| Synapse gap | The small space between two neurons at the synapse |
| Synaptic Vesicles | Tiny vessels containing stored quantities of the neurotransmitter substance held in the synaptic terminals of the axon |
| Synaptic Terminals | Knoblike tips of axons |
| Receptor Sites | Sites on the neuron that receive the neurotransmitter substance |
| Glial Cells | Cells that assist neurons by transporting nutrients to them, producing myelin sheath, & regulating the likelihood of transmission of messages across the synaptic gap. |
| Acetylcholine | Neurotransmitter used by somatic neurons that cause the body's large muscles to contract. Also plays a role in memory & is thought to help regulate dreaming |
| Dopamine | Large group of neurons uses dopamine neurotransmitter involved in the control of large muscle movements. Second group of dopamine neurons plays a role in pleasure & reward systems |
| Serotonin | Regulates sleep cycles & dreaming, appetite, anxiety, depression and inhibition of violence. Prozac increase the action of serotonin |
| Norepinephrine | *Play a role in vigilance & attention to important events, such as presence of rewards or dangers in the environment. *Also thought to be involved in anxiety & depression *Released by sympathetic autonomic neurons & adrenal glands |
| Glutamate | Most wide spread excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. In the Central nervous system Plays key role in regulation of condition & emotion Plays key role in development & shaping of the neural structure of brain over life span |
| Neuropeptides | Large group of neurotransmitters sometimes referred to as neuromodulators because they appear to broad influence the action of other neurotransmitters |
| Central Nervous System | Brain & Spinal Cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Composed of nerves that branches from the brain & spinal cord to the body |
| Peripheral Nervous systems | Somatic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System |
| Somatic Nervous System | Carries messages from organs to central nervous system and from central nervous system to skeletal muscles |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Regulates actions of internal body organs, such as heartbeat, digestion |
| Afferent Neurons | Neurons that transmit messages from Sense Organs to Central Nervous system Sensory neurons TOWARDS the Brain (Periphery---Central) |
| Efferent Neurons | Neurons that transmit messages from Central Nervous system to Organs & Muscles Motor neurons AWAY from Brain (Central --- Periphery) |
| 2 Primary Autonomic functions | Essential body functions (heartbeat, sweating, digestion, etc) Emotion |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Part of the autonomic system that prepares the body to respond to psychological or physical stress. (S=STRESS) |
| PARAsympathetic Nervous System | Part of the autonomic system that promotes bodily maintenance & energy conservations & storage under non stressful conditions. (P=PEACEFUL) |
| Ganglia | Clusters of cell boxes of neurons outside the central nervous system |
| Hindbrain | Lowest part of the brain, located at the base of skull Primary responsibility is to perform routine "housekeeping' functions that keep the body working properly |
| Midbrain | Small area at top of hindbrain that serves primarily as reflect center for orienting eyes & ears |
| Forebrain | Cognition, Motivation, Emotion & Action Covers Hindbrain & Midbrain Fills much of the skull Structurally Consists of 2 distinct area: Thalamus Hypothalamus |
| Medulla | Breathing, reflexes & maintain upright posture. A part of the Hindbrain; Located top of the spinal cord, where the cord enters the brain |
| Pons | Balance, hearing & some parasympathetic functions A part of the Hindbrain; Located just above the medulla |
| Cerebellum | Coordination of muscle movements, learning & memory A part of the Hindbrain: Located to the rear of the Pons |
| Retricular Formation | Set of neurons that span the medulla and pons |
| Thalamus | Part of forebrain that routes sensory messages to appropriate part of brain. Links upper & lower centers of the brain. Plays role in filtering and preliminary processing of sensory information |
| Hypothalamus | Small part of forebrain involved w/motives, emotions & functions of autonomic nervous system. Regulating body temp, sleep, endocrine gland activity & resistance to disease; control secretions of the stomach & intestines; maintain normal blood pressure |
| Limbic System | A complex brain system, composed of 3 important parts: Amygdala, hippocampus & cingulate cortex Works w/ the hypothalamus in emotional arousal |
| Amygdala | Key role in emotion & aggression Plus formation of memories about emotionally charged events |
| Hippocampus | Cognitive elements to processing of emotion related information Also major role in formation of new memories |
| Cingulate Cortex | Lies in cerebral cortex Processes cognitive information in emotion |
| Cerebral Cortex | Largest structure in forebrain Controls conscious experience & Intelligence Voluntary actions & language |
| Frontal Lobe | Located in front of Skull Involved in planning, organization, thinking, decision making, memory, voluntary motor movements & speech |
| Parietal Lobes | Located behind frontal lobes at the top of skull Contains Somatosensory area Sense of touch and other body senses |
| Somatosensory Area | Strip of parietal cortex running parallel to motor area of frontal lobes that plays a role in body senses. |
| Spinal Cord | Relay messages between Brain & Body |
| Brain | Controls functions of nervous system |
Created by:
edarr
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