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Test 2 for breaker
Pathology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Shaft of bone | diaphysis |
| expanded part of diaphysis | metaphysis |
| Part of growing bone across the epipyseal zone from diaphysis | epiphysis |
| Multilayered bony and cartilaginous structure between diaphysis and epiphysis where bone growth takes place | Epiphyseal zone or plate |
| hollow center of the shaft of a long bone marrow is found here | Medullary cavity |
| Is the hard, ivory like outer surface of bones. Also called | compact bone "cortical bone" |
| Composed of a weblike arrangement of bone called trabeculae seperated by marrow spaces | cancellous or spongy bone |
| Foot has how many phalanges? | 14 Phalanges |
| foot has how many metatarsals? | 5 metatarsals |
| Foot has how many tarsals | 7 tarsals |
| Why is the 1st phalanx on the foot and hand different from the rest? | they only a distal phalanx and a proximal phalanx they don't have a Middle phalanx |
| base and head on the Phalanx are where? | Base on proximal end and head on distal end |
| For the foot you center where? | base of 3rd metatarsal |
| For ap of foot what's the angle? | 15 degrees cephalic |
| for oblique of the foot which way do you rotate the foot? | 30 degrees internal/medial |
| For a true lateral of foot you make sure what? | it's completely superimposed |
| What are the views to see sesamoid fx? | Lewis and Holly |
| Lewis method is? | toes down on ir and cr perpendicular and tangential to the first mtp joint |
| Holly method is? | heel against Ir with toes pulled forward cr perpendicular and tangential to the first mtp joint |
| Where do you center for an ankle? | ankle joint between malleoli |
| for an Ankle oblique you rotate the ankle how many degrees to what side? | 45 degrees medial/internal |
| for an ankle Mortise you rotate ankle how many degrees to what side? | 15-20 degrees medial/internal |
| where do you center for calcaneus with what angle of cr? | Center midline of foot level with base of 3rd metatarsal. Cr angle 40 degrees cephalic |
| On lateral ankle what must be superimposed? | malleolus |
| which malleolus is more distal on the ankle? | lateral malleolus |
| On ankle 45 oblique what is the view on tib fib? | tib fib open |
| on ap ankle what is the view of tib fib? | tib fib overlap |
| tibia has a natural angle of? | 10-20 degrees down |
| If a pt measures from asis 18cm and below what do you angle for knee? | 5 degrees caudad |
| If they measure 19-24cm what angle for knee? | perpindicular |
| If they measure 25 and up what's the angle for the knee? | 5 degrees cephalic |
| Where is the base and apex of patella? | base is proximal and apex is distal |
| Plantar surface is located where? | behind patella |
| For knee where do you center? | 1/2" below apex of patella |
| On the lateral knee what's important | Epicondyles must be superimposed |
| What side of femor is lower by what angle? | medial condyle is lower by 5-7 degrees |
| What views to see intercondylar fossa? | Homblad, camp-conventry, beclare |
| pt on all 4's. Cr perp. to ir. 20 degree angle between tib and cr. and 70 degree angle from Tib to Ir | homblad |
| tib parallel to ir 40 degree caudal angle of cr and 40 degree angle of lower leg. | camp-conventry |
| pt supine knee bent and elevated cr angled 30 degrees cephalic | beclare |
| Patella PA requires what? | 15 degree medial rotation of knee |
| What's Danelius-miller x-table surgical lateral? | true lateral hip |
| What is it called when malleolaus pop off | potts fx- bimalleolar fx |
| When all malleolus is fx'd | Trimalleolar fx |
| When base of 5th metatarsal is fx | Jones fx |
| The fx through physis | Salter Harris fx type 1- |
| fracture partway through the physis extending up into metaphysis | Salter Harris fx type 2, most common |
| fracture partway through the physis extending down into the epiphysis | Salter Harris fx type 3 |
| fracture through the metaphysis, physis, and epiphysis — can lead to angulation deformities when healing | Salter Harris fx type 4 |
| crush injury to the epiphysis | Salter Harris fx type 5 |
| when the bone is displaced from a joint or the articular contact is completely lost.Subluxation is a partial dislocation | Dislocation/ (luxation) |
| A fracture of the wrist in which the distal radius is fractured and displaced posterior | Colles fracture |
| Fx that commonly involves the distal 4th or 5th metacarpal | Boxer’s fracture |
| Compression of median nerve as it passes through the carpal sulcus. Symptoms include numbness in fingers and loss of strength. Surgery to cut “release” the flexor retinaculum tendon provides relief. | Carpal Tunnel Syndrome |
| Uric acid build-up in the joints. CHF patients on long term diuretics are susceptible. | Gout Arthritis |
| a chronic, systemic autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the joints, where it causes inflammation and destruction | Rheumatoid Arthritis |
| The most common form of arthritis, Can be inflammatory or erosive and destructive, resulting in destruction of the joint cartilage | Osteoarthritis Degenerative Joint Disease - DJD |
| An overgrowth of cartilage that often calcifies | Osteophytes |
| what part of scapula is most anterior | caracoid |
| the groove between greater and lesser tubercle | intertubercular groove- bicipital |
| greater tubercle in profile for what view | external view |
| for lateral shoulder what side is up? | none effected |
| for infersuperior shoulder what angle is used? | 15-30 degrees cephalic |
| for superioinferior shoulder what angle is used? | 5-15 degrees caudal - away from body |
| What's the neer- outlet view? | acromion- clavicular joint view pa/obl |
| Where do you center and angle for neer- "outlet" | center mid of scapula with 15 degree angle caudal |
| For ap clavicle what's the angle? | 15-30 degrees cephalic |
| why do you do an axial for clavicle? what's the angle? | to get ribs out of the way with a 15-30 degree caudal angle |
| what's the best view for coronoid olecronon process? | lateral elbow |
| Ap of elbow you can't see what? | radial tuberosity |
| external rotation of elbow you see? | radial head and neck |
| internal rotation of elbow you see? | olecronon process, coronoid process, medial epicondile |
| distal radius fx? | cole's fx |
| Why is humerus best shot at Pa? | less OID |
| most carpal fx in wrist | navicular/scaphoid |
| 20 degree angle of the hand or CR | ulna deviation and it's also known as stetcher |
| A soft innervertebral disk protrudes and presses on spinal cord or nerves | herniateed nucleus pulposus (HNP) |
| what exams are used to view HNP? and which is least invasive? | Xray CT MRI. CR MRI least invasive |
| lateral curbature of vertebral column often with rotation in vertebrae | scoliosis |
| congentital condition where posterior aspects of vertebrae fail to develop. exposing spinal cord?... mostly seen in? | spina bifida-L5 |
| extensive enough to allow herniation of spinal cord | spina bifida aperta |
| defects are covered with skin and all three nemimges are intact thus evident only on radiograph | spina bifida occulta |
| Defect of the pars interarticularis, often from fracture. | Spondylolysis |
| The forward movement of one vertebra on another. An oblique of the lumbar region will demonstrate the pars. Most often seen at L4/5 and L5/S1 | Spondylolisthesis |
| fractures that are commonly the result of osteoporosis | Compression Fractures |
| about how many people die in the us because of Compression Fractures? | 700,000 cases of compression fractures due to osteoporosis occur each year in the United States. |
| degenerative joint condition that causes slow deterioration of the disks. | Osteoarthritis of the Spine (Degenerative joint Disease) (DJD) |
| Compression Fractures are fixed with | balloon tamp |
| C and L spine has what type of curve | Convex- lordotic |
| T spine has what type of curve | concave- kyphotic |
| what view can you see the intervertebral foramen in C spine | 45 degree oblique AP-side up, PA-side down |
| what view can you see the intervertebral foramen in T spine | Lateral |
| what view can you see the intervertebral foramen in L spine | Lateral |
| what view can you see the zygapophyseal joint in C spine | Lateral |
| what view can you see the zygapophyseal joint in T spine | 70 degree oblique ap side up, pa side down |
| what view can you see the zygapophyseal joint in L spine | 30-60 degree obique ap side down, pa side up |
| C1 also known as | Atlas |
| C2 Also known as | Axis |
| What views to see odontoid | open mouth, fuchs, judd |
| What's otonello? | wagging jaw to see entire c-spine |
| C7 is also known as | Vertebral prominence |
| how is anode heel effect done with t spine? | Big side under cathode |
| Swimmers also known as | twinning |
| swimmers is used to see | C7-T2 |
| where do u center for L5-S1? | 2.5 inches posterior to ASIS 1.5 inches inferior to crest |
| For sacroiliac joints what's side intrest | side up |
| False pelvis is more... | inferior |
| What angle for coccyx? | 10 degree caudal |
| What angle for sacrum | 15 degree cephalic |
| a break which does not extend all the way across the diameter of a bone. part of the bone is bent | Greenstick fx |
| fractures are complete breaks at more or less a 90 angle to the shaft of the bone. | Transverse fx |
| fractures run at an acute angle across the shaft of a bone, leaving sharp fragments on both sides. Thus there can be associated soft tissue injury such as lacerated muscles, nerves or blood vessels. | Oblique |
| fractures are superficially similar to oblique fractures, but there is an important difference. This kind of fracture is caused by twisting force or torque. This kind of injury is seen in sports and in criminal assault cases. | Spiral |
| fractures are typified by many (more than 2) fragments | Comminuted |
| is a special case of fracture that occurs when a ligament or tendon is torn away from the bone to which it is attached. | Avulsion |
| the cortex on one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent. When the bone straightens a faint fracture or wrinkle like defect is seen on the opposite side | Green stick fx |
| fx that enters at an angle toward the middle of the bone and exits the same side | butterfly fx |
| piece of bone that completely breaks off | segmental |
| crack in bone | incomplete fx |
| found only in the limbs (femur, tibia, phalanges) | long bones |
| carpals and tarsals are what kind of bones | short |
| sternum, ribs cranium are what type of bones | flat |
| vertebrae, pelvis facial bones are what type of bone? | irregular |
| inside and beside tendons (patella) what type of bones? | sesamoid |
| sacrum location from asis | 3.5 inches posterior to ASIS |
| coccyx location from asis | 3.5 posterior & 2 inches inferior to ASIS |
| hand consists of how many bones | 27 bones |
| how many metacarpals | 5 metacarpals |
| how many phalanges | 14 phalanges |
| how many carpals | 8 carpals |
| Center for finger | PIP joint |
| 1-3 finger you rotate to which side? | Medial |
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