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Imaging Operations
Essential Concepts of Radiologic Science
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nov 8, 1895 | Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen Crookes Tube - cathode rays |
| 1886 | Pupin & Edison 1st flouroscope - calcium tungstate |
| 1899 | Rollins Apeture diaphgrams (collimation) 1st x-ray filters |
| 1913 | Bucky Grid Cooliage Tube (thermionic emmission) |
| 1921 | Potter Moving grid |
| 1929 | Jackson 1st rotating anode |
| 1942 | Morgan AEC |
| 1948 | Electronic Image intensifier- reduced exposure 1/100th than previous levels |
| 1970 | 1st computer CR (doubled dose) |
| 1979 | Digital flouro |
| 1982 | PACS |
| 1996 | 1st demonstration of DR Post processing (decreased dose to patients) |
| X-ray characteristics | travel straight, stopped by lead, cast partial shadow |
| 1896 | 1st xray unit installed at Massachusetts General Hospital |
| Latent image | xrays stored in PSP plate |
| Photocathodes | light into electrical energy indirect DR |
| Post processing | decrease repeat exposure decrease in radiation decrease in exposure |
| All things in the universe consist of... | matter and energy |
| Physics | study of energy and matter |
| Matter | takes up space, mass, k/g definition and composition |
| Element | pure substance (Hydrogen) |
| atom | smallest single unit |
| compound | two or more different elements are joined |
| molecule | two or more atoms are joined |
| Barium sulfate suspension | mixture of BaSO4 and H20, which never chemically combine |
| Pure barium sulfate powder | compound BaSO4 6 atoms and 3 elements( oxygen, sulfur, barium) |
| Energy | "ability to change the motion or state of an object, the ability to do work" many forms, Joules (J), is conserved, |
| Types of Energy | potential (to do work), kinetic (in motion), EM energy (spectrum) |
| Law of Conservation of energy | Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can change form ex. when an electron drops down form a high shell |
| Electromagnetic wave | disturbance in magnetic field perpendicular to magnetic wave |
| Particle | charged and vibrate |
| radiation | transfer of magnetic waves |
| Electromagnetic Energy | combination of electric and magnetic fields traveling through space - increase in EM, increase in frequency |
| photon energy and frequency are | directly related |
| frequency and wavelength are | inversely related |
| wave particle duality | behaves like a wave, acts like a particle |
| EM Energy- Xrays | high penetration, invisible, dual nature, wavelength and frequency inverse, absorbed, scattered, speed of light, cause chemical change |
| Velocity of all EM radiation C V(C) | speed of light 3x10^3 m/sec |
| Wave equation | v=f λ |
| Units of measure | Mass (kilogram) Time (Sec) Length (Meter) |
| 1932 | First dose limits |
| 1928 | # ionization in given quantity of air how many pairs created |
| Exposure (X-ray intensity) | Conventional= Roentgen international= Gya (Air Kerma) |
| Absorbed dose 1953 | Measures amount of energy absorbed Rad, Rem, SV Conventional= Rad SI unit = Gy |
| 1 Gy= | 100 rad |
| Radioactivity | (Ci, Bq) |
| Air Kerma | kinetic energy released in matter SI unit- Gray |
| Effective Dose | occupational dose measured (sum of equivalent doses of specific tissues) Rad, Rem, SV Conventional= Rem SI unit= SV |
| Activity | describes quantity of radioactive material |
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