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Pathology Chap 3
Respiratory System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ventilation | movement of air and out of the lungs |
| diffusion | gas exchange between the lungs and circulatory system |
| frontal sinus | fully developed at 10 years old |
| maxillary and ethmoid sinus | only sinuses present at birth |
| sphenoid sinus | develop at 2-3 years old |
| Increase exposure | when fluid is in the lungs |
| lateral decubitus | diagnosing free air in the pleural space or fluid |
| mediastinal emphysema | disruption in the esophagus or airway and air is trapped in the mediastinum ex. chest trauma, violent vomiting |
| subcutaneous emphysema | when air is under the skin of the chest or neck (crepitation) |
| respiratory failure | lack of function or a lack of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange |
| hypoxemia | low oxygen levels within arterial blood and results from failure of the gas exchange function ex. upper airway obstruction, insufficient respiratory drive and muscle fatigue, dysfunction of the CNS |
| hypercapnia | failure of ventilation resulting in the inability to move air into and out of the lungs ex. upper airway obstruction, insufficient respiratory drive and muscle fatigue, dysfunction of the CNS |
| cystic fibrosis | genetic defect transmitted as an autosomal recessive gene that affects the function of exocrine glands |
| respiratory distress syndrome (hyaline membrane disease) | affects premature infants or those born at less than 37 weeks -incomplete maturation of type 2 alveolar cells, causing unstable alveoli -rapid and labored breathing within 24 hours |
| Pneumonia | inflammation of the lung and pulmonary function - caused by bacteria 8th leading cause of death in USA |
| pneumoncoccal pneumonia | bacteria present in healthy throats - when defenses are weakened and the bacteria gets into the lung and inflame the alveoli |
| staphylococcal pneumonia | occurs sporadically except during epidemic of influenza |
| legionnaires' disease | severe bacterial pneumonia that killed 4 people attending an AMerican Legion convention in Philly - warm, moist places -transmits through heating and cooling systems -malaise, muscular aches, chest pain with nonproductive cough, vomiting, diarrhea |
| mycoplasma pneumonia | caused by mycoplasmas (smallest group of living organisms) - act like bacteria and viruses -reticular pattern and patchy areas of air space |
| aspiration pneumonia | acid vomitus aspirated into the lower respiratory tract, resulting in chemical pneumonitis -may follow by anesthesia, alcoholic intoxication, or stroke that causes loss of cough reflex |
| viral pneumonia | caused most commonly by influenza A and B - spread by infected person -dry cough, fever |
| bronchiectasis | permanent, abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi as a result of destruction of the elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall |
| pulmonary tuberculosis | infection caused by inhalation of myobacterium tuberculosis |
| miliary tuberculosis | large numbers of bacteria are picked up and carried via the bloodstream throughout the body -looks like millet seeds (white grain) |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | group of disorders that cause chronic airway obstruction - chronic bronchitis and emphysema (asthma and bronchiectasis) |
| chronic obstructive bronchitis | arises from long term, heavy cigarette smoking or prolonged exposure to high levels of industrial air pollution - persistant cough and phelgm |
| emphysema | lungs alveoli become distended, loss of elasticity or interference with expiration -dyspnea |
| asthma | chronic inflammation of the bronchial system resulting in airway obstruction and bronchial hyper responsiveness extrinsic asthma- allergens intrinsic- aggravated by exercise, temp or emotional upset |
| pneumoconioses | results in pulmonary fibrosis from inhalation of foreign inorganic dust |
| anthracosis (pneumoconioses) | black lung disease -inhale coal dust |
| silicosis (pneumoconioses ) | inhale silica (quartz) dust |
| asbestosis (pneumoconioses) | inhale asbestos dust - in buildings and insulation |
| progressive disseminated histoplasmosis | when the immune system is not effective at controlling and overcoming the fungal infection -opportunistic infection acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) |
| histoplasmosis | fungal infection from soil that has bird and bat bacteria |
| lung abscess | localized area of dead lung tissue surrounded by inflammatory debris |
| pleurisy | inflammation of the pleura - indicative of a serious condition (pneumonia, pulmonary embolism) |
| pleural effusion | excess fluid collects in the pleural cavity -comes from a serious thoracic disease |
| exudates | pleural effusion by inflammation |
| transudates | pleural effusion result from microvascular changes associated with heart failure or ascites |
| hemothorax | follow trauma to the thorax or thoracic surgery |
| sinusitis | infection and inflammation of the paranasal sinuses |
| bronchial carcinoid tumors (adenomas) | usually benign - "lung cancer" -invade local tissues and treated much like malignant neoplasma |
| bronchogenic carcinoma | common fatal primary malignancy - 90% of all lung tumors |
| coin lesion | lung nodule |
| Things to consider when taking x-rays | exposure factors, additive and subtractive pathologies, AEC |
| Endotracheal tube placement | tip should be 5-7 cm above the carina Too low: air enters the right mainstem Too High: Air enters the stomach |
| Pleura of lung apex is deep to subclavian vein can cause a absence of lung markings | pneumothorax |
| croup | viral infections of young children. barking cough, inflammatory obstructive swelling localized tho the trachea, treated with cool mist and steroids |
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