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Pathology Chap 1
Intro to Pathology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Pathology | study of disease |
| Disease | abnormal disturbance of the function or structure of the human body from some type of injury |
| Pathogenesis | Happens after injury, sequence of events producing cellular changes that lead to observable changes |
| Manifestation | observable changes: symptom or sign |
| Symptom | patients perception of the disease |
| Sign | detected by the physician during examination: swelling, fever, rash |
| Syndrome | group of signs and symptoms that characterize a specific abnormal disturbance |
| Asymptomatic | do not produce symptoms |
| Etiology | study of the cause of disease |
| Common Agents that cause diseases | viruses, bacteria, trauma, heat, chemical agents, poor nutrition (molecular level: genetic abnormality) |
| Nosocomial disease | hospital acquired disease ex. Staphylococcal infection (hip replacement sx) |
| Iatrogenic reaction | adverse responses to medial treatment itself ex. collapsed lung that occurs in response to a complication that arises during arterial line placement |
| Idiopathic | the disease is termed ______if no causative factor can be identified |
| Acute | Short period, quick onset ex. pneumonia |
| Chronic | Manifests more slowly and lasts a very long time ex. multiple sclerosis |
| Sequelae | lasting effects that come after an acute illness or perviously acquired disease ex. stroke resulting in a long-term neurologic deficits |
| Diagnosis | identification of a disease an individual is believed to have |
| Prognosis | predicted course and outcome of the disease |
| Morphology | structure of cells or tissue |
| Diseases that cause decrease atomic number and tissue thickness ex. Atrophy | Subtractive, lytic, destructive ex. lower exposure technique |
| Diseases that increase the normal density of a tissue resulting in high atomic number or increase tissue thickness | additive or sclerotic ex. higher exposure technique |
| Epidemiology | investigation of disease in large groups ex. rate of occurrence, statistics annually |
| Prevalence | number of cases found in a given population |
| Indidence | number of new cases found in a given period |
| Endemic | disease of a high prevalence in an area where a causative organism is commonly found with term the location.... ex. Histoplasmosis is a fungal disease of the respiratory system endemic to the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys |
| Epidemic | wide spread occurrence of a disease to a large number of people in a given population |
| How many pairs of chromosomes in the human body | 22 pairs |
| Atrophy | decrease in cell size |
| Hypertrophy | increase in cell size |
| Hyperplasia | increase in the number of cells in a tissue from excessive proliferation |
| Metaplasia | conversion of one sell type to another that is not normal for that tissue ex. epithelial cells in the respiratory tract of a smoker undergo this as a response to the irritation from the chemicals |
| Dysplasia | abnormal changes occurring in mature cells ex. precancerous, more commonly associated with neoplasms in the reproductive system and respiratory tract |
| Congenital | diseases present at birth from genetic or environmental factors * 2-3% of all births have one or more abnormalities |
| Hereditary | disorders genetically transmitted form either parent through abnormal genes |
| Inflammatory disease | body's reaction to a localized injurious agent: virus, bacteria or fungi ex. infective, toxic, allergic diseases |
| Virus | has protein coat surrounding a genome of RNA or DNA without an organized cell structure, not capable of replicating outside of a living cell |
| Bacteria | unicellular that lack a nucleus and can adapt ex. can become resistant to antibiotics over time |
| Fungi | contain organelles and may grow as mold or yeast |
| Autoantibodies | when antibodies are formed in response to foreign antigens but in some diseases they form against and injure the patient's own tissues ex. associated with autoimmune disorders |
| Debridement | removal of dead cells and materials |
| Infection | inflammatory process caused by a disease-causing organism |
| Virulence | ease with which an organism can cause disease ex. organism with high virulence can produce progressive disease susceptible person while low virulence produces disease only in a highly susceptible person |
| Degenerative disease | caused by deterioration of the body |
| Metabolism | sum of all physcial and chemical processes in the body ex. diabetes |
| Traumatic diseases | results from mechanical forces such as crushing or twisting of a body part or ionizing radiation |
| Neoplastic disease | results in new, abnormal tissue growth |
| Proliferation | cell division |
| Differentattion | process of cellular specialization |
| Benign Neoplasm | Non-lethal tumor |
| Metastatic spread | spread of malignant cancer cells |
| Hematogenous spread | spread through circulatory system |
| Lymphatic spread | spread through lymphatic system |
| Invasion | when cancer cells spread into surrounding tissue |
| Seeding | when cancer cells spread to distant sites |
| Lesion | cellular change in response to disease ex. wound, ulcer, tumor |
| Carcinoma | cancer from epithelial tissue |
| Sarcoma | cancer arises from connective tissue |
| Leukemia | cancer blood cells |
| Lymphoma | arises from lymphatic cells |
| Mortality rate | average number of deaths cause by a particular disease |
| morbidity rate | incidence of sickness sufficient to interfere with an individuals normal daily routine |
| Autoimmune disorder | disease in which the body forms antibodies that injure patient's own tissues (autoantibodies) |
| Abscess | localized, usually encapsulated, collection of fluid= zit |
| Pyogenic bacteria | thick, yellow, called pus (dead white cells) |
| Metabolic | disease caused by the disturbance of the normal physiologic function of the body |
| Malignant neoplasm | loss of control of tumor and is lethal and can spread |
| Curative care | disease free 5 years |
| Paliative care | relieve pain and improve quality of life when a cure is not possible |
| Grading | how aggressive the disease is |
| Staging | extensiveness of tumor at the site |
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