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Dosage Forms
Ch 5, pg. 102-111, comp 18, pharm tech
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| dosage form | refers to the means by which a drug is available for use or the vehicle by which the drug is delivered |
| solids | tablets, chewable tablets, enteric-coated tablets, extended release agents, sublingual (SL) tablets, capsules, caplets, lozenges, troches, implants capsules, patches |
| liquids | syrups, elixirs, sprays, inhalant solutions, emulsions, suspensions, solutions, and enemas |
| semisolids | creams, lotions, ointments, powders, gelatins, suppositories, inhalant powders |
| enteral route | solids can be administered orally, rectally, or sublingually |
| parenteral | term used to describe a medication that is usually given by injection into a vein, the skin, or a muscle |
| fillers | inert substances (no active ingredient) that fill space or cover the tablet (sugar coatings) |
| sugar coatings on tablets | improve taste and color or hide unpleasant odors |
| tablets that are scored | allowed the tablet to be cut in half if needed |
| chewable tablets | suitable for young children or for people who have diffuculty swallowing |
| enteric coated | protect the drug from the acidic environment of the stomach until it reaches the more alkaline intestine |
| ODT | orally disintegrating tablets; may be dissolved in the mouth without water, easing administration for individuals who have difficulty swallowing medication |
| caplet | refers to the shape of the tablet; smoothed sided to make swallowing easier; they are not capsules, they are tablets with a shape similar to a capsule for ease of swallowing |
| tablets | often identified by shape, color, and imprint codes determined by manufacturer |
| controlled-release formulations | enable the patient to take the medication less often thus increasing compliance |
| tech note! | dosage forms that are specifically made to release over time should not be crushed or broken into pieces unless they are scored and approved for such use because it alters the release process |
| capsules | composed of a gelatin container and can have a hard or soft outer shell; the shells of hard capsules are composed of sugar, gelatin, and water |
| capsule manufacturer | determines color and is used primarily for identification along with the capsule imprint code |
| spansules | capsules that can be pulled apart to sprinkle the medication onto food for children; specially coated to slow the dissolving rate; can not be crushed or chewed |
| pulvule | type of capsule shaped differently for identification purposes |
| soft-gelatin capsules | gel caps; can't be pulled apart and often hold medications in liquid form |
| larger half of capsule | known as the body |
| shorter half of capsule | known as the cap |
| lozenges and troches | forms of tablets not intended to be swallowed; they dissolve in the mouth which releases the medication more slowly; often aimed at local action in the mouth or throat |
| troches | usually have a chalky consistency so that they can dissolve in the mouth |
| lozenges | similar to a hard candy like cough drops |
| buccally | in the cheek |
| biomaterials | polymers (long chains of hydrocarbons) that combine with or encapsulate a drug so that the drug is released in a predetermined way to maintain a steady concentration of a drug dosing within the accepted therapeutic range or window for the drug |
| biomaterial dosage forms | capsules, tablets, or implants designed to treat conditions without overdosing or underdosing the patient and improving patient compliance; i.e. Implanon contraceptive implant |
| implants | sterile, solid dosage forms that consist of drugs and rate-controlling excipients usually intended for insertion (implantation) into a body cavity or under the skin |
| Zoladex | a subcutaneous implant used for prostate cancer |
| Gliadel Wafer | an implant which delivers chemo directly to the brain tumor site |
| Implanon | a subdermal contraceptive rod that provides birth control that lasts for up to 3 years |
| transdermal patches | solid pieces of material that hold a specific amount of medication to be released into the skin and absorbed into the bloodstream over time; easily applied and eliminate possible upset stomach |
| transdermal nitroglycerin patches | Nitro-Dur; placed on the chest once daily |
| scopolamine patch | Transderm Scop; motion sickness patches that can be left in place for 3 days |
| fentanyl transdermal patches | Duragesic; chronic pain medication with a 3-day delivery system |
| nicotine patches | most are sold OTC and help with smoking cessation |
| estrogen-containing transdermal patches | suited for hormone replacement therapy or prevention of osteoporosis; most are changed once or twice weekly |
| tech alert! | do not carelessly discard a medication patch in the garbage; wrap and discard in such a way that it can't be grasped |
| liquids | composed of various mixtures and can be administered by many routes making them a popular choice for drug delivery; i.e. enemas, eye and ear preparations, cough syrups, etc |
| syrups | sugar-based solutions into which medication has been dissolved; sugar improves the taste of the drug; tend to be thicker (more viscous) than water |
| examples of syrups | Delsym (dextromethorphan) |
| elixirs | clear, sweetened solutions that contain dissolved medication in a base of water and alcohol (hydroalcoholic base); alcohol is usually the solvent; sweeteners necessary to improve taste; have same consistency of water |
| examples of elixirs | Dimetapp (brompheniramine / phenyleprine) |
| spirits | aromatic solutions of drugs designed to evaporate quickly; alcohol based |
| examples of spirits | peppermint spirit, camphor, and aromatic spirits of ammonia |
| sprays | composed of various bases such as alcohol or water in a pump-type dispenser for a wide variety of products such as nasal decongestants and topical sunscreens |
| examples of sprays | Afrin ( oxymetazoline nasal spray); Nitrolingual Pumpspray (nitroglycerin SL spray) |
| inhalants and aerosols | must be delivered directly to the source of inflammation; medication particles must be extremely fine to reach areas effectively, such as the bronchial tree for example |
| inhaler agents | must be easily inhaled into the lungs; i.e. vaporizers that distribute medications when agents are added to a container on the device; nebulizers |
| inhaled anesthetics | solutions inhaled by a patient undergoing surgery; administered by an anesthesiologist |
| MDI | metered dose inhalers; dispense a specific amount of drug with each puff or inhalation |
| DPI | dry powder inhalers; breath-activated - the medication is released only when you take a deep, fast breath in through the inhaler to deliver medication to the lungs |
| aerosols | some are used to deliver medication into the nasal passages, and some are inhaled orally into the respiratory tract |
| spacer | such as an Aerochamber; used with an MDI to allow patient to take a breath of medication without worrying about timing or coordination; chamber holds medication until each puff can be inhaled because unless inhaled properly, drug would be swallowed instead of inhaled into the lungs where needed |
| examples of aerosol and MDI | Proventil (albuterol) and Combivent Respimate (ipratropium bromide and albuterol sulfate MDI) |
| emulsion | mixture of two or more immiscible liquids; in an emulsion, one liquid is dispersed throughout the other |
| emulsifier | a substance that stabilizes an emulsion is often added to improve stabililty and dispersion; an emulsifier may be used to bind oil and water to hold both substances together; i.e. mayonnaise is composed of oil and water and uses egg yolks as an emulsifier to allow the product to form a smooth consistency |
| examples of emulsions | Diprivan (propofol) and Restasis (cyclosporine ophthalmic emulsion) |
| emulsions can be administered | topically, orally, and even parenterally; lipids (aka fat) can be given parenterally for nutrional feedings |
| suspensions | liquid dosage forms in which very small solid particles are suspended in the base solution; suspensions such as syrups and other solutions can be used orally by children and older individuals because the patient can take the medication more easily |
| oral suspensions auxiliary label | should have a "Shake Well" auxiliary that is easily visible on the front of the bottle and in the directions; if reconstituted, a "use by" date must be on the label as well |
| suspension dosage forms | topically, orally, in the eye or ear, rectally, and even parenterally |
| examples of suspensions | Augmentin (amoxicillin/clavulanate) and Motrin (ibuprofen suspension) |
| tech note! | allows shake oral suspensions before using; always follow manufacturers directions for handling;i.e. insulin suspensions should be rolled, not shaken, so proteins aren't destroyed |
| enemas | administered for retention or evacuation |
| retention enemas | used to deliver medication to the body in a manner that bypasses the stomach; ulcerative colitis can be treated with anti-inflammatory agents in this manner |
| Diastat | a rectal diazepam gel for the immediate treatment of seizures |
| evacuation enemas | administered from prefilled squeeze bottles;manufactured in a water base to be effective in less than 10 minutes; generally not recommended as a first line treatment for constipation |
| examples of enemas | Fleet enema (sodium phosphate enema) and Rowasa (mesalamine enema) |
| Semisolids | although they contain solids and liquids, they are normally intended for topical applications such as creams, lotions, ointments, gels, pastes, and suppositories |
| creams | usually in a base that is part oil and part water for topical use; when emulsifier is added, water and oil remain combined; easily massaged into the skin without leaving an oil residue |
| examples of creams | Cortaid (hydrocortisone cream 1%) |
| lotions | thinner than creams because their base contains more water; penetrate well into skin without leaving on oil residue |
| examples of lotions | hydrocortisone lotion 2.5% |
| ointments | contain medication in a glycol or oil base, such as petroleum; cover the skin while repelling moisture; can be used topically or rectally; can be sterilized for the eye in ophthalmic use |
| examples of ointments | Neosporin (bacitracin / neomycin / polymixin) and Protopic (tacrolimus ointment) |
| gels | contain medication in a viscous (thick) liquid that easily penetrates the skin and does not leave a residue; i.e. sunscreens |
| examples of gels | Orajel (benzocaine) |
| pastes | contain a lesser amount of liquid base than do solids; are used for topical application and can absorb secretions, unlike other topical agents |
| examples of paste | Desitin (zinc oxide paste) |
| suppositories | used for rectal, vaginal, or urethral conditions for a localized effect (at the site of administration) or for systemic effect (throughout the body) |
| advantages of suppositories | bypass the stomach if a patient is experiencing nausea and vomiting, provide a good relief of constipation with rectal suppositories, and can treat localized conditions such as yeast infections with vaginial suppositories |
| examples of suppositories | Monistat 3 (miconazole vaginal suppository) and Dulcolax (bisacodyl suppository) |
| powders | do not fit neatly into the category of semisolids; topical powders reduce wetness such as antifungal foot powders |
| examples of powders | Desenex (miconazole powder) or Mycostatin (nystatin powder) |
Created by:
DbaileyC
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