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Chapter 18
Social and Personality Development in Late Adulthood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Erikson’s Stage of Ego Integrity Versus Despair | • Ego integrity versus despair stage - the last of Erikson’s psychosocial stages, in which older adults must achieve a sense of satisfaction with their lives |
| Ego integrity | the feeling that one’s life has been worthwhile |
| Erikson’s Stage of Ego Integrity Versus Despair: What evidence we have suggests that | – Adults become more reflective & philosophical in late adulthood – Those who use this to achieve a degree of self-satisfaction are less fearful of death |
| ______ adults are more likely than young and middle to respond to thwarted personal goals with feelings of __________ | Older adults are more likely than young and middle to respond to thwarted personal goals with feelings of sadness |
| Defined: Reminiscence | reflecting on past experience |
| Who Engages in Reminiscence? | – Engaged in by adults of all ages, but older adults use it more often to communicate their experiences to younger individuals |
| Purpose of Reminiscence | – Provides a foundation for the process of life review, an evaluation process in which elders make judgments about past behaviour |
| Define: Activity theory | the idea that it is normal and healthy for older adults to try to remain as active as possible for as long as possible |
| Activity theory | Small but consistent tendency for those with more social involvement to have greater satisfaction, health, and morale |
| Define: Disengagement theory | the theory that it is normal and healthy for older adults to scale down their social lives and to separate themselves from others to a certain degree |
| Shrinkage of life space | interacting with fewer people and filling fewer roles |
| Increased individuality | less governed by strict rules or expectations |
| Acceptance of these changes | actively choosing to turn inward and away from interactions with others |
| Define: Continuity theory | the idea that older adults adapt life-long interests and activities to the limitations imposed on them by physical aging |
| Role of Consistency | Achieving some degree of consistency seems important for maintaining positivity while aging |
| Define: Successful aging | the term gerontologists use to describe maintaining one’s physical health, mental abilities, social competence, and overall satisfaction with one’s life as one ages |
| How to Successfully Age | – Good physical health – Retention of cognitive abilities – Continuing engagement in social and productive activities – Subjective sense of life satisfaction |
| Staying Healthy and Able | This is easier for people who have exercised, eaten healthy foods, and avoided smoking throughout young and middle adulthood |
| Some health issues are new, such as the _______ risk of ______ bones | Some health issues are new, such as the increased risk of broken bones |
| Complying with Physicians and Therapists | Much individual variation in willingness to comply with physicians and therapists during recovery from injuries such as broken hips |
| Retaining Cognitive Abilities | Correlations exist among cognitive functioning, health, and social involvement |
| Role of Education in Retaining Cognitive Abilities | Education and complexity of cognitive challenges one still takes on both seem to influence cognitive functioning |
| Self-stereotyping may.... | – Self-stereotyping may inhibit cognitive adventurousness, and refusing to try to learn new things may contribute to cognitive decline |
| Contact with friends and family is linked with | – Greater satisfaction with life – Less loneliness |
| Social engagement may | be the most rewarding for seniors when it provides them with the opportunity to help others |
| Productivity | -- Many older adults remain productive through volunteerism – These people are happier and healthier in their later years |
| Some older adults stay productive by | -- learning new things – taking college classes – studying art or music |
| Define: Life Satisfaction | -- This refers to a sense of personal well-being -- Determined more by a person’s perception of his or her situation than by any objective measure of it – Perceived adequacy of social support and income, self-rated health |
| Social comparisons | most older adults seem to think that most other older adults are worse off than they are, which seems to serve a self-protective function |
| Criticisms of the Successful Aging Paradigm | Potential for casting blame on older adults who do suffer significant declines or disease |
| Criticisms of the Successful Aging Paradigm: Focus Shift | Shift of gerontology’s focus from disease and decline to quality of life may hamper cures for diseases of old age |
| Is Successful Aging Paradigm bad? | Few would suggest the paradigm is a bad thing, but rather that it needs to be held in balance with other views |
| Define: Religious coping | the tendency to turn to religious beliefs and institutions for support in times of difficulty |
| Religious coping is important? | for older adults due to the high number of life stressors encountered |
| Sex Differences | • Women rely on religious coping more than do men • Both genders seem to show the same benefits of religious coping when they do use it |
| Religious Beliefs | • Older adults who place much emphasis on religious faith worry less than those who don’t |
| Correlations: Religious Beliefs | • Correlations between religious faith and physical and mental health in a variety of religions and cultures |
| Religious faith seems to | – Help people believe their lives serve an important purpose – Provide older adults with a theme that integrates the various periods of their lives – Be viewed as a resource people with little social power in the material world can rely on |
| Canadians who regularly attend religious services are | – More optimistic – Physically healthier – Longer living – Very satisfied with their lives – Less stressed |
| Alternative Explanations | Personality traits that make people more religious and give them more positive aging experiences? |
| Religion Explained through Personality | – Extraversion is correlated with successful aging – Might it also make people more comfortable with large gatherings, thus more comfortable in religious social environments |
| With each additional _________ _____ ______ it is seen that the likelihood of older adults engaging in unprotected sex increased by 14% | Year of age |
| Condoms become irrelevant for ____ _____ in later life | contraceptive purposes |
| ____ is a program that was created to educate and inform seniors on safe sex practices | Shop |
| Many older adults consider condoms and ___ ___ as synonymous | safe sex |
| _____ are at higher risk for developing Alzheimer's disease | women |
| Symptoms of the disease can develop in people ____ ________ __ _______ | as young as 30 |
| Alzheimer's disease is the ___ most common cause of death in late adulthood | sixth |
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