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RTE 141 Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The removal of an electron from an atom is called | ionization |
| Sievert | unit of radiation to describe dose recieved by technologist. effective dose |
| Voltage is measured in | kVp |
| Radiowaves, light, and x-rays are all examples of ____ energy | electromagnetic |
| The energy of x-rays is ____ | electromagnetic |
| The biggest source of mad made ionizing radiation exposure to the public is | diagnostic x-rays |
| T or F: A compound is any quantity of one type of molecule | True |
| The binding energies, or energy levels of an electron is represented by | shells |
| When an atom has the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons | isotope |
| When atoms of various elements combine, they form | molecules |
| an atom that loses or gains one or more electrons is an | ion |
| The innermost electron shell | K |
| The only difference between x-rays and gamma rays | origin |
| What particle is the least penetrating form of ionizing radiation? | alpha particles |
| The electrons in the outermost shell is | equal to its group in the periodic table |
| Atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic mass | isotopes |
| two types of particulate radiation | alpha and beta particles |
| X rays and gamma rays have an unlimited range of | matter |
| The intensity of radiation ___ in ____ proportion to the square of the distance of the object from the source | decreases, inverse |
| Photons with the highest frequency have the | shortest wavelengths |
| The energy of a photon is _____ to its frequency | directly proportional |
| Selecting 80 kVp on an x-ray control panel, produces energies ranging from | 0; 80,000 |
| smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic radiation | photon |
| the rise and fall of a sine wave is called | amplitude |
| The diagnostic range of x-ray energy is | 69 kEv |
| The terms translucent and refraction are associated with the ____ spectrum | electromagnetic |
| What happens to wavelength as frequency decreases | it increases |
| Diagnostic range of x-ray energy | 30-150 kVp |
| What is a source of direct current | battery |
| What is the unit of electric potential | Volt |
| What is ohms law | I= V/R |
| What type of material can be made magnetic when placed in an external magnetic field | ferromagnetic |
| The operating console contains circuits that are | low voltage |
| The ___ filament circuit provides electrons for the xray tube current | filament |
| The step up transformer increases voltage ____ times | 500-1000 |
| A full wave rectified, 3 phase unit provides an x ray beam at ___ per second | 360 pulses |
| A single phase waveform has ___ ripple | 100% |
| Thermionic emission at the filament creates a | space charge |
| Localized pitting or cracking on the anode can occur from | a single excessive exposure |
| The ___ circuit provides electrons for the x-ray tube current | filament |
| The AEC terminates exposure when | sufficient radiation reaches image receptor |
| When the radiographer selects kV on the control panel which device is adjusted | Autotransformer |
| If the primary coil of a high voltage transformer is supplied by 220V and has 400 turns and the secondary coil has 100,000 turns, what is the voltage induced in the secondary coil | 55 kV |
| What is the purpose to the falling load generator | to keep anode cool. all of the above |
| Electrostatic force is _____ proportional of distance between charges | inversely |
| The autotransformer has ____ winding coils | one |
| Thermionic emission determines | milliamperes |
| The smallest unit of electrical charge is | electron |
| Electrification occurs through the movement of | electrons |
| Electrostatic force is _____ proportional to the distance between charges and ____ proportional to the product of the charges | Inversely, directly |
| A generator is a source of direct current T or F | False |
| Alternating current is produced by a | generator |
| the rotation of electrons on their axis is called | electron spin |
| The force between magnetic poles is proportional to the ___ of the magnetic pole strengths divided by the ___ of the distance between them | Product, square |
| Iron, nickle, and cobalt are all considered ___ materials | ferromagnetic |
| T or F Positive electric charges in a circuit flow from positive to negative | False |
| Electrostatic force is inversely related to distance | columbs law |
| What creates a dipole | electrons spin in one direction |
| an iron bar exposed to a strong magnetic field may become | electromagnet |
| Gadolinium is useful in MRI because it has which magnetic property | paramagnetic |
| Materials strongly attracted to magnets | ferromagnetic |
| weakly repelled from both poles of magnetic field | diamagnetic (water) |
| Weakly attracted to both poles | paramagnetic |
| In a step down transformer the current on the primary side is ____ than the secondary side | smaller |
| Allows current to flow in one direction only | rectifier |
| A coiled current carrying helix | solenoid |
| Smallest quantity of electromagnetic radiation sometimes called a quantum | photon |
| Electrodynamics | electric charges in motion |
| What is the voltage ripple of a 3 phase 12 pulse power | 4% |
| What exposure timer is used in xray systems equipted with falling load generators | mAs |
| What measures the voltage provided to the x ray imaging system and adjusts the voltage to 220V | line compensator |
| The number of electrons emitted by the filament is determined by the ___ of the filament | temperature |
| What is a release of electrons from a heated filament? | thermionic emission |
| The filament transformer is a | step down transformer |
| What makes up the external structure of the x ray tube | supportive structure, protective housing, glass or metal enclosure |
| What provides the mechanical support | protective housing |
| what is the positive side of the tube called | anode |
| what is the negative side of the tube called | cathode |
| The two parts of the cathode | filament and focusing cup |
| boiling off of electrons is known as | thermonic emission |
| What does thermionic emission cause to happen at the filament | space charge effect |
| What is the source of x ray s in the tube | the focal spot |
| what turns the rotating anode | magnetic field |
| what is a rotating anode made of | tungsten alloy |
| The ___ the angle, the greater the heel affect | smaller |
| heat formula of a 3 phase 6 pulse x ray machine | 1.41 x kVp x mA x |
| Anode has pits or cracks in it | excessive temp during single exposure |
| Projectile electrons travel from | cathode to anode |
| at 100 kVp ____% of the x ray beam is characteristic | 15% |
| most of the heat generated at the target is due to | outer shell excitation |
| interactions which result in the removal and replacement of a K shell electron produce ___ radiation | characteristic |
| Most of the x rays produced at the target are | brem |
| Brem x rays are produced by ___ at the target | slowing electrons |
| Characteristic x rays are produced by | released biding energy |
| A brem x ray is emitted | from the conversion of kinetic energy |
| The ____ of an x ray beam is higher when the peak of the emission spectrum is further to the | quality, right |
| An increase in mAs would ___ the ___ of the emission spectrum | increase, amplitude only |
| an increase in kVp would ____ the _____ of the emission spectrum | increase amplitude and position |
| Changes in ___ result in directly proportional changes in the amplitude of the emission spectrum | mA and time |
| How does added filtration affect the emission spectrum | reduced amplitude and shift to the right |
| What affects the size and position of the x-ray emission spectrum | tube current, voltage, and material |
| ____ x rays are emitted when an outer shell _____ fills and inner shell ____ | characteristic, electron, void |
| Projectile electrons travel from | cathode to anode |
| At 100 kVp ____ of the x ray beam is ____ and ___ is _____ | 15% characteristic, 85% brem |
| ways and x ray can interact with matter | coherent, compton, photoelectric, pair, photodisinigration |
| Below 10 keV what interaction occurs | coherent |
| What 2 interactions matter to diagnostic radiology | compton and photoelectric |
| The energy of compton scattered x ray is = to | difference between energy of incident energy of ejected x ray |
| the wavelength of the scattered x ray is greater than that of the incident x ray | compton scattering |
| outer shell interaction reduces its energy and ionizes the atom | compton |
| in compton interaction, after incident x ray interacts, it continues in a different direction with ___ energy | less |
| in photoelectric effect, the electron removed from the atom is called | a photoelectron |
| what happens to the incident photon in the photoelectric effect | gets absorbed, ejected |
| as mass density of absorber increases, what happens to compton scattering | proportional increase |
| As x ray energy increases the chance of interaction | decreases |
| X rays have very short wavelengths | true |
| in coherent scattering the incident x ray interacts with a target atom causing it to become | excited. Low energy cant ionize |
| The result of coherent scattering is a change in direction of the x ray without a change in | energy |
| Coherent scattering, there is no energy transfer, therefore no | ionization |
| coherent scattering is of little importance to | diagnostic radiology |
| compton effect, the x ray continues in a what direction with how much energy | different, less |
| The x rays emitted through the window or the x ray tube are called | useful beam |
| x ray current is controlled by | filament circuit |
| The filament is located on what side of the tube | cathode |
| Melting point of tungsten | 3400 degrees |
| T or F: Protons have no mass | True |
| Attenuation is caused by | absorption and scatter |
| operating consoles that contain circuits are | low voltage |
| An example of negative contrast is | air |
| Water is an example of | diamagnetic |
| Standard x ray machines produce ___ mGya @ 70 kVp measured at 100 sid | 50 |
| Incident x rays interact with an atom with ionization during | coherent scatter |
| Filter thickness is ___ when x ray intensity is ___ | greater, lower |
| Electric potential applied to conductor produces | electric current and magnetic field |
| HVL of x ray beam measurement of beam | Intensity, quality, radiation - all the above |
| HVL is lowered by decrease in | kVp |
| The quality of brem radiation increases proportionately with increased | mAs |
| Energies below 40 keV, predominant x ray interaction is soft tissue and bone is | photoelectric absorption |
| Tube rating charts show | maximum exposure time |
| image contrast is affected by | both kVp and beam quality |
| If the distance between the x-ray source and IR is ___ the IR will receive ____ the original dose | doubled, 1/4th |
| An increase of 15% kVp = | 100% increase in mAs |
| Gamma rays are produced in | the nucleus of an atom |
| if 5% of the incident beam is transmitted through a body part, then 95% was | attenuated |
| Distance between 2 magnets is ___ magnetic force is ___ | divided by 2, increased by 4 times |
| Efficiency of x ray production increases as | kVp increases |
| # of x rays in useful beam defines x ray | quantity |
| Beam quality is affected by | kVp and filtration |
| in photoelectric interaction, there is a complete absorption of | incident x ray photon |
| Because of differential absorption about __ of the incident beam from the x ray contributes the the finished image | .5% |
| Rotation of electrons on their axis is called | electron spin |
| step down transformer is located in the | filament circuit |
| at energies lower than 40 keV the x ray interation is | compton scatter |
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