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Biopsych
093- week1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biological Psychology | Is the branch of psychology that seeks to understand the behavior of organisms in terms of physiological processes. i.e.information processing functions; the activity of nerves, muscles and glands; and genetic influences. |
| Aristotle | Believed the heart was the organ of thought and feeling. Common sayings like “I give this with all my heart,” “She broke my heart,” |
| Religion and Human Behaviour | During the Middle Ages in Europe, religion dominated thinking, thus human behavior was attributed to non-physical souls and the influences of spirit forces. Mental illness was widely regarded as demonic possession, thus torture was commonly used to “cure” |
| Rene Descartes | In 17th century France, mathematician and philosopher Rene Descartes infamously proclaimed that animals are simply hydraulic machines with no consciousness or feelings. In Descartes’ theory, sensory stimulation such as light or sound caused a fluid called |
| Idea of Consciousness | Descartes got his idea from watching automated statues in French parks and gardens that were moved by hydraulics. Although Descartes found it easy to imagine that animals were mere mechanisms, he excluded humans based on introspection as well as theology. |
| Pineal Gland | He decided that although animals are just machines lacking consciousness, humans are different because God implanted an immortal soul in the pineal gland, a tiny organ at the base of the brain. He chose the pineal gland as the seat of the soul because it |
| Decartes outcome | Descartes’ hydraulic theory of movement was eventually rejected when physiologists tested the theory by experiment. Descartes’ theory predicted that muscles should swell up with fluid during movement, but direct measurements of the muscles during movement |
| Electricity and biology | Another theory soon came into favor. This was derived from discoveries concerning electricity. Nerves were conceived to be electric wires which carried electric current to the muscles, causing them to contract. This idea was supported by research showing |
| Speed of Electricity | In the 19th century the renowned German scientist Hermann von Helmholtz measured the speed of the electrical signals carried by nerves. He did this simply by stimulating a nerve with an electrode and measuring how long it took for the corresponding muscle |
| Switchboard/computer model | by the early 20th century a popular view was that the brain is a kind of complicated electronic switchboard connecting incoming sensory information to outgoing motor commands. More recently the computer model of the brain has become popular, but even that |
| Broca's Speech area | Another major 19th century development in biological psychology was the discovery that damage to specific areas of the brain can result in loss of specific abilities. In 1861 the French physician Paul Broca described a patient who had suddenly lost the ab |
| WErnicke Syndrome | In 1874 another physician, Karl Wernicke, described a patient who suddenly lost all comprehension of speech. The patient could still speak, but what he said didn’t make any sense. Autopsy revealed a distinct lesion on the left side of the brain, but in a |
| Localisation of Brain function | Austrian physician Franz Joseph Gall reasoned that if different types of mental functions are carried out in different parts of the brain, then the different mental abilities and personality traits of a person should be reflected in the shape of the skull |
| General Parysis | General paresis is a psychotic disorder characterized by delusions and hallucinations, eventually followed by death. This terrible mental illness was found to be a late stage of a sexually transmitted bacterial infection: syphilis. However, the hope this |
| Nuerons | In the late 19th century, research by the Spanish neuroanatomist Santiago Ramon y Cajal began to reveal the structure and function of neurons or nerve cells, which are the smallest functional units of the brain and nervous system. Thus it is with these ti |
| Hippocrates | Hippocrates, the “father of medicine,”- injury to the head was sometimes followed by behavioral problems- loss of speech or paralysis. He concluded that the brain controls behavior. He classified specific mental illnesses and a theory of chemical imbalanc |
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