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PSY Ch 3+4

Mrs.Labore

QuestionAnswer
Heredity influences much of _____ and _____, yet not in a simple, deterministic way . behavior; experience
DNA A large molecule that contains genes
DNA resides in every cell in the body, except _____, and contains all the information needed for human _____ and _______. red blood cells; growth; reproduction
How many pairs of chromosomes are in the nucleus of each cell body? 23
Chromosomes are a coiled up thread of ___? DNA
Genome All the genetic information in DNA
Genotype The entire genetic makeup of an organism
Phenotype An organism's observed characteristics
Genes Small segments of DNA that contain information for producing proteins
Polygenic The process by which many genes interact to create a single characteristic
Monogenic The hereditary passing on of traits determined by a single gene
Mutation A random change in genetic sequence
Genes occur in pairs of ____, which are different forms of each other. Alleles
Dominant Alleles Alleles that show thei effect even if there is only one allele for that trait in the pair
Recessive Alleles Alleles that show their effects only when both alleles are the same
Alleles Different forms of a gene
Behavioral genetics The scientific study of the role of heredity in behavior
Heritability The extent to which a characteristic is influenced by genetics
Epigenetics The study of changes in the way genes are turned on or off without a change in the sequence of DNA
Environmental events influence how and when genes are ____ and _____. Activated; Deactivated
Soft Inheritance Inheritance of a gene thats been shut off due to environmental reasons
Central Nervous System The part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System The part of the nervous system that comprises all the nerve cells in the body outside the central nervous system
Somatic Nervous System Nerve cells of the peripheral nervous system that serve the skeletal muscles.
The Somatic Nervous System transmit what? Signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles and sensory information from the skeletal muscles back to the CNS
Autonomic Nervous System All the nerves of the peripheral nervous system that serves involuntary systems of the body, such as the internal organs and glands
What are the two main branches in the ANS? Sympathetic Nervous System; Parasympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System The branch of the autonomic nervous system that activates bodily systems in times of emergency
The Sympathetic Nervous System is responsible for The arousal in times of emergency
The main function of the sympathetic nervous system is Fight or Flight
Parasympathetic Nervous System The branch of the autonomic nervous system that usually relaxes or returns the body to a less active, restful state
Nervous System Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System (Voluntary) and Autonomic Nervous System (Involuntary)
Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System (Arousing) and Parasympathetic Nervous System (Calming)
What are the two cells that the Central Nervous System are made up of? Glial and Neurons
Glial Cells Provide structrual support, promote efficient communication between neurons, and serve as scavengers, removing cellular debris in the Central Nervous System
Neurons Cells that process and transmit information in the nervous system
How many neurons are in the brain? 10 Billion
How many connections are in one neuron? 10,000
The first principle of how neurons communicate with other neurons Neurons are the building blocks of the nervous system. All the major structuors of the brain are composed of neurons.
The second principle of how neurons communicate with other neurons Information travels within a neuron in the form of an electrical signal by action potentials
The third principle of how neurons communicate with other neurons Information is transmitted between neurons by means of chemicals called neurotransmitters
What are the three major parts of the neurons? Soma, Axon and dendrites
The soma is what? Cell body
The soma contains what? The nucleus and other ocmpnents needed for cell maintenance and function
The axon is what? A long projection from the soma
What does the axon do? Transmits electrical impulses toward the adjacent neuron
What are dendrites? Fingerlike projections that receive incoming messages from other neurons
Myelin Sheath The fatty substance wrapped around some axons, which insulates the axon, making the nerve inpulse travel more efficiently
Synapse The junction between an axon and the adjacent neuron, where information is transmitted from one neuron to another
The terminal button is what? Located at the end of the axon
What does the terminal button contain? Tiny sacs of neurotransmitters
When an eletrical impulse reaches the terminal button, it triggers the release of neurotransmitter molecules into the gap between neurons, known as the what? Synapse (Synaptic Cleft)
What are the three kinds of neurons? Sensory, Motor, and Interneurons
What do the sensory neurons do? Receive incoming sensory information from the sense organs
What do the motor neurons do? Take commands from the brain and carry them to the muscles of the body
What are mirror neurons? A type of motor neurons that is active when we observe others making an action as well as when performing the same action. They play an important role in learning
What are interneurons? Neurons that communicate only with other neurons
What is the first step in neural communication? An impulse travels one way from the dendrites along with the axon and away from the soma, a process that is both electrical and chemical
What is the second step in neural communication? The impulse releases chemicals at the tips of the neurons, which are released into the synaptic cleft to transmit the message to another neuron
What is the chemical known as in the second step in neural communication? Neurotransmission
What is an action potential? The positively charged impulse that moves down an axon
What is an ion? A chemical charged particles that predominate in bodily fluids
Where are ions found? Both inside and outside cells
What is the electrical charge inside a resting neuron? -70 millivolts
What is a resting potential? The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the axon when the neuron is at rest
What is the refractory period? The span of time, after an action potential has been generated, when the neuron is returning to its resting state and the neuron cannot genetrate an action potential
What are the gaps in the myelin sheath? Nods of Ranvier
What is the All or None principle? The idea that, once the threshold has been crossed, either an action potential fires or it does not
What is the synaptic vesicles? Tiny sacs in the terminal buttons that contain neurotransmitters
What are two ways to remove excess neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft? Enzymatic degradation and reuptake
What happens in enzymatic degradation? Enzymes specific to that neurotransmitter bind with neurotransmitter and destroy it
What happens in reuptake? Excess neurotransmitters are returned to the sending, or presynaptic, neuron for storage in vesicles and future use
What are graded potentials? Small changes in membrane potential that by themselves are insufficient to tripper an action potential
Some neurotransmitters ___ and others ____? Excite; Inhibit
Where are neurotransmitters found? In the brain
Acetylcholine A neurotransmitter that controls muscle movement and plays a role in mental processes such as learning, memory, attention, sleeping, and dreaming
Dopamine A neurotransmitter released in response to behaviors that feel good or are rewarding to the person or animal; also involved in voluntary motor control
Epinephrine A neurotransmitter that arouses bodily systems, (aka adrenaline)
Norepinephrine A neurotransmitter that activates the sympathetic response to stress, increasing heart rate, rate of respiration, and blood pressure in support of rapid action
GABA A major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain that rells postsynaptic neurons not to fire
What does GABA do to the CNS? Slows down the activity in the CNS and is necessary to regulate and control neural activity
Glutamate A major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain that increases the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will fire
What is glutamate important to? Learning, memory, neural processing, and brain development
What is the brain? An organ that collection of neurons and glial cells that controls all the major functions of the body
What does the brain produce? Thoughts, emotions, and behavior and it makes us human
What are the three major regions of the brain, in order from the earliest to develop to the newest? Hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain
The Hindbrain is directly connected to the what? Spinal Cord
What are the three main parts of the hindbrain? Medulla, Pons and Cerebellum
What does the medulla do? Regulates breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
What is the medulla involved in? Various kinds of reflexes, such as coughing, swallowing, sneezing, and vomiting
Reflexes Inborn and involuntary behaviors
Pons A structure in the hindbrain that serves as a bridge between lower brain regions and higher midbrain and forebrain activity
Cerebellum The 'little brain', that is involved in body movement, balance, coordination, fine-tuning motor skills, and cognitive activities such as learning and language
Reticular formation A network of nerve fibers that runs up throuhg both the hindbrain and the midbrain; it is crucial to waking up and falling asleep
Most forebrain structures are what? Bilateral
Thalamus A forebrain structure that receives information from the senses and relays it to the cerebral cortex for processing
In the middle of the brain directly around the thalamus lies a set of structures important in emotion and motivation that are referred to as the what? Limbic System
What are the 4 parts of the limbic system? Hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and cingulate gyrus
What is the role of the hypothalamus? Regulates all major drives and motives we have (i.e. hunger, sexual behavior, temperature and thirst)
What is the role of the hippocampus? Plays a vital role in learning and memory
What is the role of the amygdala? Processes emotional information, especially related to fear
What is the role of the cungulate gyrus? Important role in attention and cognitive control
The uppermost portion of the brain is the what? Cerebrum
What is the outer layer of the cerebrum? Cerebral Cortex
What is the cerebrum composed of four large areas called what? Lobes
What are the four lobes of the brain? Frontal, occiputal, temporal, and parietal
What is the role of the frontal lobe? Solving problems, planning, abstract thinking, control of impulses, creativity and social awareness
What is the role of the occiputal lobe?
Created by: delainaxrepola
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