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Psych 1115 midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology? | it is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes |
| Biological influences | genes responding to the environment |
| Psychological influences | learned fears and other learned expectations, cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations |
| Socio-cultural influences | compelling models |
| Memory? | the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage and retrieval of information |
| Recall | must retrieve information learned earlier (ex: fill in the blanks) |
| Recognition | Identify items previously learned (ex: multiple choice questions) |
| Relearning | The amount of times saved when learning material again (ex: studying for a final exam after learning the material in the semester) |
| Encoding | Getting the information into the memory |
| Storage | Retaining information in memory |
| Three steps to Atkinson & Shiffron's Model (1968) | Step 1 - sensory memory Step 2 - Short-term memory Step 3 - Long-term memory |
| Working/Short-term memory | has a capacity of 7 +/- bits of information, information is processed by using rehearsal, not passive storage |
| Bradley's Model of Working Memory | it includes visual & auditory of new information (phenological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, central executive) |
| Long-term memory | organizes and stores information, relies on two processes (encoding & retrieval) |
| Explicit Memory | memory of facts & experiences that one can consciously know and declare, frontal lobes, involves the hippocampus, memory consolidation |
| Implicit memory | retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent or conscious recollection, includes cerebellum and basil ganglia |
| Cerebellum | it is critical for forming and storing conditioned responses |
| Basil ganglia | it controls mouvement/essential for forming and storing procedural memory and motor skills |
| How info gets encoded into long-term memory | automatic processing (space, time, frequency), effortful processing (requires attention and conscious effort) |
| Chunking | organizes items into familiar, manageable units |
| Mnemonics | memory aids that use vivd imagery and organizational devices , acronyms |
| Hierarchies | use chapter titles, headings, subheadings to organize information into hierarchies, used to narrow down concepts and facts |
| Spacing effect | space out learning, can produce speedy short-term learning |
| Testing effect | repeated self-testing, it is reviewed at the beginning of each class what was learnt last week |
| Shallow processing | encodes on an elementary level: words letters, intermediate level: words sounds |
| Deep processing | encodes semantically, based on the meaning of the words (does it fit in the sentence) |
| Anterograde Amnesia | loss of ability to create new memories after the event that caused amnesia |
| Retrograde amnesia | it is a loss of memory-access to events that occurred for info that was learned |
| Flashbulb memory | it is a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
| Retrieval cues | memory is stored in a web associated concepts, each piece of information is interconnected with others |
| Context-dependent memory | putting yourself back in context where you experienced something that can prime your memory retrieval |
| State-dependent | What we learn in one state may be easily recalled when we are in that state again |
| Serial position effect | tendency to remember the first and last items on a list than in the middle |
| Three ways we forget | Encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure |
| Memory construction errors | it refers to the tendency for post-event information to interfere with the memory of the original event, misinformation effect, source amnesia, deja vu |
| Source amnesia | the inability to remember where, when or how previously learned information has been acquired, while retaining the factual knowledge |
| Scientific attitude | curiosity, skepticism (not taking things at face value), humility (admit when you're wrong) |
| Limits to human intuition | hindsight bias, overconfidence bias, perceiving oder in random effect |
| Kahneman and Tversky | first people to discover hindsight bias |
| Operational definitions and replications | when doing research, scientist must include it, they are important so that other scientists can replicated findings |
| Survey | information that is collected from a large amount of people, they are influenced by wording and sequence of questions |
| Correlation coefficient | single number that describes the degree of relationship between two variables, ranges from +1.00 to =1.00 |
| Positive correlation | two variables move or vary in the same direction |
| Negative correlation | two variables move or vary in opposite direction |
| The psychology experiment | When a researcher manipulates one or more factors to observe effect on some behaviour or mental process. it is the only way to identify cause-and-effect |
| Placebo effect | results caused by experiment, how to control for this: single and double blind procedure |
| WEIRD | western, Education, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic |
| Statistics | a branch of math used by to organize, summarize, and interpret data, they are used to describe data and as a basis for inferring information from the data |
| Mean | Average |
| Median | Middle score of a distribution |
| Mode | Most frequent score in distribution |
| Genes | Genes are parts of DNA molecules, which are found in chromosomes in the nuclei of cells |
| Human genome | It is an organism's collection of genes |
| Adoption studies | Compare adopted folks to both their adopted parents and biological relatives |
| Gene-environment interaction | Epigenetic (nature plus nurture) |
| Evolutionary psychology | the study of the evolution of behaviour and the mind, using principles of natural selection |
| Darwin's principle of natural selection (mutations) | certain biological and behaviour variations increase organism's reproductive and survival chances in their particular environment |
| Similarities between men and women | 45 out of 46 genes are unisex, same body and brain structures and functions, similar levels of intelligence, knowledge, and happiness |
| Aggression | Men , in general, admit to having more aggression and being more aggression. Women are slightly more likely to commit acts of relational aggression |
| Social power | being in positions that involve controlling people and access to resources |
| Social connection-play | Males tend to be more independent than women, whereas women tend to be more interdependent |
| Emotional labour | it is the process of managing feelings and expressions to fulfill the emotion requirements of a job |
| Third shift | all the task that fall under emotional labour |
| Klinefelter syndrome | XXY, 1 in 500-1000 males, can effect physical, language and social development, infertility |
| Turner syndrome | 1 in 2250 female births, missing part of the 2nd X chromosome, short stature, early loss of ovarian function |
| Androgen Insensitivity syndrome | Person is genetically male but is resistant to male hormones, the person has some or all of the physical traits of a women but the genetic makeup of a male, 1 in 20,000 live births |
| Social learning theory | the theory of learning process and social behaviour which proposes that new behaviours can be acquired by observing and imitating others |
| Gender typing | taking on traditional male or female roles |
| Sexual response cycle | excitement, plateau, organism, resolution |
| Neuroscience | How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences |
| Evolutionary | How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes |
| Behaviour genetics | How our genes and our environment influence our individual differences |
| Psychodynamic | How behaviour springs from unconscious drives and conflicts |
| Behavioral | How we learn observable responses |
| Cognitive | How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information |
| Social-cultural | How behaviour and thinking vary across situations and cultures |
| Ichonic Memory | Visual |
| Echoic memory | Auditory |
| Infantile amnesia | not much conscious memory for our first 3 years or so, the memory illusion |
| Deja vu | implicit familiarity without explicit recollection |
| Henry Molaison (1953) | got his hippocampus removed and lost all ability to form new explicit memory |
| Dunning-Krugar effect | overconfidence bias - solving mixed up words |
Created by:
briannadwyer
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