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PSYCH EXAM 2 PT.2
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Conditioning complex behaviors is usually made easier by using this, which refers to rewarding successively closer "steps" towards the desired behavior | Shaping |
When a parent punishes a child by taking away their phone, computer, and television privileges, it is an example of this type of punishment | Negative Punishment |
While food is a good example of a primary reinforcer, money is an example of this type of reinforcer | Secondary Reinforcer |
This term refers to the unique human ability to be conditioned towards a specific behavior even if there is a waiting period between the operant behavior and the eventual reward and/or punishment | Delayed Gratification |
According to the reward prediction error, an organism which has been conditioned to receive a predictable reward following an operant behavior will typically experience a _________ in dopamine if that reward is less than expected | Reduction |
This term refers to an altered state of consciousness (trance) where an individual is highly receptive to suggestion | Hypnosis |
While drugs classified as depressants tend to calm and inhibit the central nervous system, this class of drug essentially does the opposite: exciting the nervous system | Stimulants |
This class of drug mimics the body's natural endorphins, making them effective at reducing and managing pain, but also carrying a greater risk of addiction | Opiates |
Drug addictions are typically characterized by both withdrawal and this, meaning the body has adapted to the presence of a drug | Tolerance |
This theory is currently the most widely accepted theory explaining why the mind dreams during sleep, theorizing that dreams are the result of interpretation of random neural firing | Activation-Synthesis Model |
Somnambulism is the technical term for this well-known sleep disorder in which individuals will walk around while asleep | Sleep Walking |
This term refers to the rare instances in which an individual may temporarily be aware of the fact that they are dreaming | Lucid Dreaming |
By examining the manifest content of a dream, Freud believed that dream could be interpreted in order to identify this content | Latent Content |
The Information Processing theory of dreaming suggests that relationship between dreaming and this function is essential to understanding the purpose of dreaming | Memory |
This sleep disorder is characterized by sudden and unpredictable "sleep attacks", often resulting in an individual falling asleep at inconvenient times | Narcolepsy |
The Bobo Doll Experiment was conducted by this scientist, who developed the theory of social learning | Albert Bandura |
Also known as "muscle memory", this type of memory is considered to be unconscious and allows organisms to quickly and easily recall practiced behaviors | Procedural Memory |
Observational Learning is made possible due to these special brain cells, which mimic the brain activity of other individuals being observed | Mirror Neurons |
This term refers to a "mental shortcut" in which prior exposure to a stimulus allows an individual to more quickly retrieve a memory, resulting in reduced brain activity | Priming |
This term refers to the idea that some learning takes place automatically, and is unconscious unless there is a reason to use the unconsciously learned skill | Latent Learning |
This term refers to the self-regulating cycle of sleep and waking which is influenced by the 24-hour cycle of day and night | Circadian Rhythm |
This hormone, produced in the brain, is partially responsible for calming the brain in low-light conditions, making it easier to fall asleep | Melatonin |
Individuals usually won't move around during sleep or dreaming due to this neurotransmitter, which inhibits the nervous system | GABA |
This stage of sleep is when dreams most often occur | REM Sleep |
These two terms refer to the states in which an individual either falls asleep (conscious to unconscious) or wakes up from sleep (unconscious to conscious) | Hypnagogic and Hypnopompic States |