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Psychology I
Unit 6: Adjustment and Breakdown Ch.15, 16, 17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ch. 15: Stress | A person's reaction to his or her inability to cope with a certain tense event or situation. |
| Stress | __________ results from our perceptions of demands placed upon us and our evaluations of situations we encounter. |
| Stressor | A stress-producing event or situation. |
| Stress Reaction | The body's response to a stressor. |
| Distress | Stress that stems from acute anxiety or pressure |
| Eustress | Positive stress, which results from motivating strivings and challenges. |
| Conflict Situation | When a person must choose between two or more options that tend to result from opposing motives. |
| Approach-Approach | You must choose between two attractive options. "Do I want to go to the concert or the ball game on Saturday?" |
| Avoidance-Avoidance | You must choose between two disagreeable options. "Should I stay up all night studying for my physics or math final?" |
| Approach-Avoidance | You find yourself in a situation that has both enjoyable and disagreeable consequences. "Should I ask him to go to the party with me? (He may say yes, or he may say no.) |
| Double Approach-Avoidance | You must choose between multiple options, each of which has pleasurable and disagreeable aspects. |
| The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) | It lists 43 items that require individuals to make the most changes in their lives. Each number (mean value) refers to the expected impact that event would have on one's life. |
| Fight or Flight | When faced with a very stressful situation, you have the opportunity to run or fight back. |
| General Adaption Stage | Consists of 3 Stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion; alarm stage: fight-or-flight defenses, resistance stage: person finds means to cope with the stressor, exhaustion stage: the breaking point. |
| Anxiety | A vague, generalized apprehension or feeling of danger. |
| Anger | The irate reaction likely to result from frustration. |
| Fear | The usual reaction when a stressor involves real or imagined danger. |
| Social Support | Information that leads someone to believe that he or she is cared for, loved, respected, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligation. |
| Psychosomatic Symptoms | REal, physical symptoms that are caused by stress or tension. |
| Cognitive Appraisal | The interpretation of an event that helps determine its stress impact. |
| Denial | A coping mechanism in which a person decides that the event is not really a stressor. |
| Intellectualization | A coping mechanism in which the person analyzes a situation from an emotionally detached viewpoint. |
| Active Coping Strategies | Hardiness, Controlling Stressful Situations, Problem Solving, and Explanatory Style, Relaxation, Biofeedback, Humor, Exercise, Support Groups/ Profess. Help, Training, and Improving Interpersonal Skills. |
| Progressive Relaxation | Lying down comfortably and tensing and releasing the tension in each major muscle group in turn. |
| Mediation | A focusing of learning to control bodily states by monitoring the states to be controlled. |
| Autonomy | Ability to take care oneself and make one's own decisions. |
| Developmental Friendship | Friends force one another to reexamine their basic assumptions and perhaps adopt new ideas and believes. |
| Resynthesis | Combining old ideas with new ones and reorganizing feelings in order to renew one's identity. |
| Career | A vocation in which a person works a few years. |
| Comparable Worth | The concept that women and men should receive equal pay for jobs that calling for comparable skill and responsibility. |
| Ch. 16: Deviation From Normality | It's normal to bathe periodically, to cry or be upset when a loved ones dies, and to wear warm clothes when in cold weather. However, its NOT normal when people shower 10 times a day, laugh when a loved one dies, and to wear bathing suits in the snow. |
| Type A Personality | Always ready for fight or flight. Angered very easily very irritable, and are very impatient. Often try to do 3-4 things at once like reading while eating and feel guilty when they don't achieve something often die at an early age and are very competitive |
| Type B Personality | Are generally relaxed, patient, and don't easily become angry. |
| Adjustment | People who feed and clothes themselves, work, find friends, and live by the rules of society apply to this. But as for people who are so unhappy that they refuse to eat or so lethargic that they can't hold a job really don't apply at all to this standard. |
| DSM-IV | The fifth version of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. |
| Phobia | An intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation. |
| Panic Disorder | An extreme anxiety that manifests itself in the form of panic attacks. |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | Where a person feels a vague worry all the time, so that she can't make decisions or keep up with friendships. |
| Agoraphobia | Fear of open spaces. |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder | Where a person who's suffering from anxiety may think of the same things over and over and may repeatedly perform coping behaviors. |
| Obsession | Where somebody thinks of the same thing over and over again. |
| Compulsion | Where a person might wash their hands every 30 seconds. |
| Post Traumatic Stress Disorder | Disorder in which victims of traumatic events experience the original event in the form of dreams or flashbacks. |
| Somatoform Disorder | Physical symptoms for which there is no apparent physical cause. |
| Conversion Disorder | Changing emotional difficulties into a loss of a specific voluntary body function. |
| Dissociative Disorder | A disorder in which a person experiences alternations in memory, identity, consciousness. |
| Dissociative Amnesia | The inability to recall important personal events or information; is usually associated with stressful events. |
| Dissociative Fugue | A dissociative disorder in which a person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past. |
| Dissociative identity disorder | A person exhibits two or more personality states, each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving. |
| Schizophrenia | A group of disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, and perceptions. |
| Delusions | False beliefs that a person maintains in the face of contrary evidence. |
| Hallucinations | Perceptions that have no direct external cause. |
| Paranoid Type Schizophrenia | Involves hallucinations and delusions, including grandeur: " I am the savior of my people" or persecution: "Someone is always watching me" |
| Catatonic Type Schizophrenia | People who may remain motionless for long periods, exhibiting a waxy flexibility in which limbs in unusual positions may take a long time to return to a resting or relaxed position- as if melting a wax statue. |
| Mood Disorders | Where some people have their emotions over come them and in some cases may cause people to lose touch with reality and seriously threaten their health or lives. |
| Major depressive disorder | Severe form of lowered mood in which a person experiences feelings of worthlessness and diminished pleasure or interest in many activities. |
| Dissociative Amnesia | The inability to recall important personal events or information; is usually associated with stressful events. |
| Dissociative Fugue | A dissociative disorder in which a person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past. |
| Dissociative identity disorder | A person exhibits two or more personality states, each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving. |
| Schizophrenia | A group of disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, and perceptions. |
| Delusions | False beliefs that a person maintains in the face of contrary evidence. |
| Hallucinations | Perceptions that have no direct external cause. |
| Paranoid Type Schizophrenia | Involves hallucinations and delusions, including grandeur: " I am the savior of my people" or persecution: "Someone is always watching me" |
| Catatonic Type Schizophrenia | People who may remain motionless for long periods, exhibiting a waxy flexibility in which limbs in unusual positions may take a long time to return to a resting or relaxed position- as if melting a wax statue. |
| Mood Disorders | Where some people have their emotions over come them and in some cases may cause people to lose touch with reality and seriously threaten their health or lives. |
| Major depressive disorder | Severe form of lowered mood in which a person experiences feelings of worthlessness and diminished pleasure or interest in many activities. |
| Dissociative Amnesia | The inability to recall important personal events or information; is usually associated with stressful events. |
| Dissociative Fugue | A dissociative disorder in which a person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past. |
| Dissociative identity disorder | A person exhibits two or more personality states, each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving. |
| Schizophrenia | A group of disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, and perceptions. |
| Delusions | False beliefs that a person maintains in the face of contrary evidence. |
| Hallucinations | Perceptions that have no direct external cause. |
| Paranoid Type Schizophrenia | Involves hallucinations and delusions, including grandeur: " I am the savior of my people" or persecution: "Someone is always watching me" |
| Catatonic Type Schizophrenia | People who may remain motionless for long periods, exhibiting a waxy flexibility in which limbs in unusual positions may take a long time to return to a resting or relaxed position- as if melting a wax statue. |
| Mood Disorders | Where some people have their emotions over come them and in some cases may cause people to lose touch with reality and seriously threaten their health or lives. |
| Major depressive disorder | Severe form of lowered mood in which a person experiences feelings of worthlessness and diminished pleasure or interest in many activities. |
| Dissociative Amnesia | The inability to recall important personal events or information; is usually associated with stressful events. |
| Dissociative Fugue | A dissociative disorder in which a person suddenly and unexpectedly travels away from home or work and is unable to recall the past. |
| Dissociative identity disorder | A person exhibits two or more personality states, each with its own patterns of thinking and behaving. |
| Schizophrenia | A group of disorders characterized by confused and disconnected thoughts, emotions, and perceptions. |
| Delusions | False beliefs that a person maintains in the face of contrary evidence. |
| Hallucinations | Perceptions that have no direct external cause. |
| Paranoid Type Schizophrenia | Involves hallucinations and delusions, including grandeur: " I am the savior of my people" or persecution: "Someone is always watching me" |
| Catatonic Type Schizophrenia | People who may remain motionless for long periods, exhibiting a waxy flexibility in which limbs in unusual positions may take a long time to return to a resting or relaxed position- as if melting a wax statue. |
| Mood Disorders | Where some people have their emotions over come them and in some cases may cause people to lose touch with reality and seriously threaten their health or lives. |
| Major depressive disorder | Severe form of lowered mood in which a person experiences feelings of worthlessness and diminished pleasure or interest in many activities. |
| Bipolar Disorder | Disorder in which an individual alternates between feelings of mania (euphoria) and depression. |
| Mania | Excessive excitement or enthusiasm; craze: The country has a mania for soccer. |
| Personality Disorder | Maladaptive or inflexible ways of dealing with others and one's environment. |
| Antisocial Personality | A personality disorder characterized by irresponsibility, and lack of conscience. |
| Drug addiction | A pattern of drug abuse characterized by an overwhelming and compulsive desire to obtain and use the drug. |
| Withdrawal Symptoms | The symptoms that occur after a person discontinues the use of a drug to which he or she has become addicted. |
| Tolerance | A physical adaption to a drug so that a person needs an increased amount in order to produce the original effect. |
| Psychotherapy | Any treatment used by therapists to help troubled individuals overcome their problems. |
| Clinical Psychologists | Are therapists with a Ph.D.,; they treat people with psychological disorders in hospitals, clinics, and community health centers. |
| Psychoanalysts | Are usually medical doctors who have taken special training in the theory of personality and techniques of psychotherapy of Sigmund Freud, typically at a psychoanalytic institute. |
| Psychiatric Social Workers | Are people with a master's degree in social work. They counsel people with everyday problems. |
| Psychoanalysis | Therapy aimed at making patients aware of their unconscious motives so that they can gain control over their behavior. |
| Resistance | The reluctance of a patient either to reveal painful feelings or to examine longstanding behavior patterns. |
| Free Association | A method used to examine the unconscious; the patient is instructed to say whatever comes into his/her mind. |
| Humanistic Therapy | Focuses on the value, dignity, and worth of each person; holds that healthy living is the result of realizing one's full potential. |
| Client- Centered Therapy | Reflects the belief that the client and therapist are partners in therapy. |
| Active Listening | Empathetic listening; a listener acknowledges, restates, and clarifies the speaker's thoughts and concerns. |
| Unconditional positive regard | A therapist's consistent expression of acceptance of the patient, no matter what the patient says or does. |
| Cognitive Therapy | Using thoughts to control emotions and behaviors. |
| Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) | Psychological help aimed at changing unrealistic assumptions about oneself and other people. |
| Beck's cognitive Therapy | This kind of therapy focuses on illogical thought processes. |
| Behavior Therapy | Changing undesirable behavior through conditioning techniques. |
| Systematic Desensitization | A technique to help a patient overcome irrational fears and anxieties. |
| Aversive Conditioning | Links an unpleasant state with unwanted behavior in an attempt to eliminate the behavior. |
| Cognitive-Behavior Therapy | Based on a combination of substituting healthy thoughts for negative thoughts and beliefs and changing disruptive behaviors in favor of healthy behaviors. |
| Drug Therapy | Biological therapy that uses medications. |
| Antipsychotic Drugs | Medications to reduce agitation, delusions, and hallucinations by blocking the activity of dopamine in the brain; tranquilizers. |
| Anti-depressants | Medication to treat major depression by increasing the amount of one or both of the neurotransmitters noradrenaline and serotonin. |
| Lithium Carbonate | A chemical used to counteract mood swings of bipolar disorder. |
| Anti-anxiety Drugs | Medication that relieves anxiety and panic disorders by depressing the activity of the central nervous system. |
| Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) | An electrical shock is sent through the brain to try to reduce symptoms of mental disturbance. |
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Hayley01
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