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C.PSYCH.UNIT 6 2021
Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian Hnrs. C. Psych. Unit 6 Test Flashcards 2021
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the term "ecological validity" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the conditions in which the research is conducted are similar to the natural setting to which the results will be applied. |
| What are "memory strategies"? | These are mental activities that can help to improve your encoding and retrieval. |
| What does research on "levels of processing" show? | This research shows that you will generally recall information more accurately if you process it at a deep level (rather than a shallow level). |
| How does "elaboration" work? | This process works by concentrating on the specific meaning of a particular concept and trying to relate this to prior knowledge & to interconnected concepts you have already mastered. |
| What does the term "rehearsal" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "repeating information you want to learn. (NOTE: Simple rehearsal is a waste of time.) |
| What does the term "distinctiveness" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the idea that one memory trace should be different from all other memory traces. |
| How does the "self - reference effect" work? | This process works when long - term memory is enhanced by relating the material you need to learn to your own experiences. |
| What does the term "encoding-specificity principle" mean/ refer to? | This term states that "recall is often better if the context at the time of encoding matches the context at the time when your retrieval will be tested. |
| What is one (1) way that we can use the "encoding-specificity principle" in our lives? | One (1) way that we can do this is by creating an environment that is similar to the testing environment when we study before taking quizzes and tests. |
| What does the term "foresight bias" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "the phenomena that occurs when people have been studying for a future exam, and they are overconfident about how they will perform on this exam". |
| What does the "total time hypothesis" state? | This states that "the amount that you learn depends on the total time you devote to learning". |
| What is the "retrieval-practice effect"? | This states that if you try to recall information from your long-term memory - and it is hard to do - and you succeed - your learning is enhanced. |
| What does the "distributed-practice effect" state? | This states that you will remember more material if you spread your learning trials over time (called "spaced learning"). |
| What is one (1) reason that distributed practice is helpful for long-term recall? | One (1) reason for this is that it introduces "desirable difficulties". In other words, a learning situation is somewhat challenging, but not too difficult. |
| What is the "testing effect"? | This is the phenomena in which taking a test is "actually an excellent way to boost your long-term recall for academic material". |
| What are "mnemonics"? | These are mental strategies designed to improve your memory. |
| What is one (1) type of "mnemonic" that people can use? | One (1) of these is using "mental imagery". |
| How does the "keyword method" work? | In this method, "you identify an English work (the keyword) that sounds similar to the new word you want to learn; then you create an image that links the keyword w/the meaning of this new word". |
| How does the "hierarchy" system work where "mnemonics" are concerned? | In this system, items are arranged in a series of classes, from the most general classes to the most specific. |
| How does the "first letter technique" work where "mnemonics" are concerned? | In this technique, "you take the first letter of each word you want to remember, and then you compose a word or a sentence from those words" to help you remember them. |
| How does the "narrative technique" work where "mnemonics" are concerned? | This technique "instructs people to make up stories that link a series of words together". (HINT: This was mentioned in the "Memory Strategies" lab that we did.) |
| What is the difference between "retrospective" and "prospective memory"? | In "retrospective", you remember information from the past. In "prospective", you remember that you need to do something in the future. |
| What does the term "metacognition" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "your knowledge and control of your cognitive processes". |
| What does the term "metamemory" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "people's knowledge, monitoring, and control of their memory". |
| What does the term "calibration" mean/ refer to where memory is concerned? | This term refers to "a measure of people's accuracy in estimating their actual performance (on a memory task)". |
| What is the "tip-of-the-tongue" effect? | This occurs when you remember that you knew the target word at one time, but you cannot recall it "right now". |
| What is the "feeling-of-knowing" effect? | This occurs when you remember that you knew some information, but you cannot recall it "right now". |
| What is the "tip-of-the-finger" effect? | This occurs when you remember that you knew a target sign, but that sign is "temporarily inaccessible". (This applies to deaf persons.) |
| Give one (1) example of the "tip-of-the-finger" effect. | When a deaf person remembers learning the sign for a word they want to use, but they cannot think of it. |
| What does the term "embodied cognition" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "a perspective that emphasizes how our abstract thoughts are often expressed by our motor behavior". |
| What does the term "metacomprehension" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to "your thoughts about language comprehension." |
| What does research state about college student's "metacomprehension" skills? | Research in this area reveals that college students are not very accurate in their "metacomprehension" skills. EX: They may not notice that a paragraph contains inconsistencies or missing information. Instead, they "think" they understand it. |
| What is one (1) technique that we can use to improve our "metacomprehension" skils? | One (1) thing that we can do to improve these skills is to read a passage, wait a few minutes, and then try to explain the passage to yourself without looking. |
| List three (3) factors that influence people's "metamemory" accuracy. | 1.) People are more accurate when they are judging individual items; 2.) When their judgement is delayed; 3.) When they judge their performance on multiple-choice questions rather than performance on essays. |
| List the names of the four (4) "mnemonic" techniques that focus on organization. | 1.) Chunking; 2.) The hierarchy technique; 3.) The first-letter technique; 4.) The narrative technique. |
| List the names of the two (2) "mnemonic" techniques that focus on imagery. | 1.) Visualizing the items in vivid interaction; 2.) The keyword method. |
| In what three (3) situations is "prospective memory" more accurate? | 1.) If people use the same memory strategies they use in "retrospective-memory tasks"; 2.) If they avoid overconfidence; 3.) If they use external memory aids. |
| List two (2) examples of "external memory aids". | 1.) a rubber band around your wrist to help remind you of something; 2.) An alert from a calendar app on your phone reminding you of an appointment. |
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