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231 Social Psych
Chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Spotlight effect | The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance than they really are. |
| Illusion of transparency | The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others. |
| What are 6 examples of the interplay between our sense of self and our social worlds? | 1.Spotlight effect 2.Illusion of transparency 3.Social surroundings affect our self-awareness 4.Self-interest colours our social judgement 5.Self-concern motivates our social behaviour 6.Social relationships help define the self |
| Explain how social surroundings affect our self-awareness. | When we are the only members of our race, gender, or nationality in a group, we notice how we differ and how others are reacting to our difference. We become acutely aware of this difference. |
| Explain how self-interest colours our social judgement. | When problems arise in a close relationship, we usually attribute more responsibility to our partners than to ourselves. However, when things go well at home or work or play, we see ourselves as more responsible. |
| Explain how self-concern motivates our social behaviour. | In hopes of making a positive impression, we agonize about our appearance. We also monitor others' behaviour and expectations and adjust our behaviour accordingly. |
| Explain how social relationships help define the self. | In our varied relationships, we have varying selves; We are one way with Mom, another with friends, another with teachers. How we think of ourselves is linked with the person we are with at the moment; When relationships change, our self-concepts do too. |
| Explain how our sense of self and our social worlds are inter-related. | The traffic runs both ways: Our ideas and feelings about ourselves affect how we respond to others. And others help shape our sense of self. |
| What are the 4 coomponents of "the self"? | 1.Self-concept (who am I?) 2.Self-esteem (my sense of self-worth) 3.Social self (my roles as a student, family member, and friend; group identity) 4.Self-knowledge (How can I explain and predict myself?) |
| Self-concept | How a person answers the question "Who am I?" provides a glimpse of his or her self-concept. |
| Self-schemas | Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information (ex: atheltic schema; she is atheltic schematic). |
| Social comparison | Evaluating your abilities and opinions by comparing yourself to others. |
| Looking-glass self | How we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves; not necessarily how they see us, but the way we imagine they see us. |
| Individualism | The concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification. |
| Independent self | Construing one's identity as an autonomous self. Individualistic. |
| Collectivism | Giving priorities to the goals of one's groups (often, one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly. |
| Interdependent self | Construing one's identity in relation to others. Collectivity. |
| To the "independent self", identity is... | Personal, defined by individual traits and goals |
| To the "interdependent self", identity is... | Social, defined by connections with others |
| To the "independent self", what matters is... | Me- pesronal achievement and fulfillment; my rights and liberties. |
| To the "interdependent" self, what matters is... | We- group goals and solidarity, our social responsibilities and relationships. |
| The "independent self" disapproves of ____. | Conformity (behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions or standards) |
| The "interdependent self" disapproves of ____. | Egotism |
| Planning fallacy | The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task. |
| Affective forecasting | People have the greatest difficulty predicting the intensity and the duration of their future emotions. |
| Impact bias | Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events (ex:winning the lottery will not make you as happy as you think, and being paralyzed will not make you as unhappy as you think). |
| Coping mechanisms | Rationalizing, discounting, forgiving, and limiting emotional trama. |
| Dual attitudes | Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes towards the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits. |
| Implicit | Automatic ("trusting your gut") |
| Explicit | consciously controlled |
| Self-esteem | A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth. |
| Explain the "bottom-up" view of self-esteem. | One person may have self-esteem that is highly contingent on doing well in school, whereas another may be in adhering to moral standards. The first person will have high self-esteem when made to feel smart, the second person when made to feel moral. |
| Feedback is best when it is ____ and ____/ | True, specific |
| What is a good way to increase self-esteem? | Self-compassion |
| Self-compassion | Leaving behind comparisons with others and instead treating ourselves with kindness. |
| Terror management theory | Humans must find ways to manage their overwhelming fear of death; if self-esteem were only about acceptance, why do people strive to be great rather than to just be accepted? The reality of our own death motivates us to gain recognition from work&values. |
| Self-efficacy | A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one's sense of self-worth. A sharpshooter in the military might feel high self-efficacy and low self-esteem. |
| If you want to encvourage someone, focuse on their ______, not their ______. | self-efficacy, self-esteem |
| Self-serving bias | The tendency to perceive yourself favourably. |
| Self-serving attributions | A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to yourself and negative outcomes to other factors. |
| Defensive pessimism | The adaptive value of anticipatng problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action. |
| False consensus effect | The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours. |
| False uniqueness effect | The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviours. |
| Temporal comparisons | Comparisons between how the self is viewed and how the self was viewed in the past or how the self is expected to be viewed in the future. |
| Self-handicapping | Protecting one's self image with behaviours that create a handy excuse for later failure. |
| Self-presentation | The act of expressing yourself and behaving in ways designed to create a favourable impression or an impression that corresponds to your ideals. |
| Self-monitoring | Being attuned to the way you present yourself in social situations and adjusting your performance to create the desired impression. |
| Learned helplessness | The hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events. |
| Wha are the 3 steps of learned helplessness? | 1.Uncontrollable bad events 2.Perceived lack of control 3.Learned helplessness |
| "Concerned with the impression we make on others, we tend to believe that others are paying more attention to us then they are" is a decription of what? | Spotlight effect |
| "We tend to believe that our emtions are more obvious than they are" is a description of what? | Illusion of transparency |
| Self-concept consists of what 2 elements? | 1.Self-schemas 2.The possible selves that we dream of or dread |
| Many individualistic ____ cultures assume an _____ self. Others, often in collectivistic cultures, assume a more _____ self. Contribute to cultural differences in social behaviour. | Western, independent, interdependent |
| The unconscious, ____ processes that control our behaviour may differ from our conscious, ____ explanations of it. | implicit, explicit |
| _____ is the overall sense of self-worth we use to appraise our traits and abilities. | Self-esteem |
| Our self-concepts are determined by what 5 influences? | 1.The roles we play 2.The comparisons we make 3.Our social identities 4.How we perceive others apparaising us 5.Our experiences of success and failure |
| Someone with high self-esteem and narcissism who is threatened or deflated by social rejection is potentially _____. | agressive |
| _____ is the belief that one is effective and competent and can do something. | Self-efficacy |
| Unlike self-esteem, self-efficacy is constantly linked to ____. | success |
| Contrary to the presumption that most people suffer from feelings of inferiority, researchers consistently find that most people exhibit _____. | a self-serving bias |
| "We overestimate the commonality of our opinions and foibles" is a description of what? | false consensus |
| "We underestimate the commonality of our abilities and virtues" is a description of what? | false uniqueness |
| Most people rate themselves as ______ on subjective, desirable traits and abilities. | better than average |
| "We not our performance and adjust it to create the impressions we desire" is a description of what? | self-monitoring |
| "We sometimes express self-defeating behaviours that protect self-esteem by providing excuses for failure" is a description of what? | self-handicap |
| "Our wanting to present a favourable image both to an external audience (other people) and to an internal audience (ourselves)" is a description of what? | Self-presentation |
| When does self-helplessness occur? | When attempts to improve a situation have proven fruitless. |
| When does self-determination occur? | When successfully excercising control and improving one's situation. |
Created by:
jarnol33
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