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Life Development
Ch 3 (pages 93-101, 117-124)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are 4 descriptive characteristics of development? | 1. multidirectional 2. multicontextual 3. multicultural 4. plastic |
| Norm | An average, or standard, measurement, calculated from the measurements of many individuals within a specific group or population. |
| What 2 simple ways can disturb genetic growth patterns in infants? | overfeeding and underfeeding |
| How many grams a day does a newborn gain in weight for the first few months? | 30 grams/day |
| How do you calculate postnatal brain growth in a newborn? | measure the circumference of the head |
| Head-sparing | A biological mechanism that protects the brain when malnutrition disrupts body growth. The brain is the last part of the body to be damaged by malnutrition. |
| Neurons | One of billions of nerve cells in the central nervous system. especially in the brain. |
| Cortex | The outer layers of the brain in humans and other mammals. Most thinking, feeling, and sensing involve the cortex. |
| Prefrontal cortex | The area of the cortex at the very front of the brain that specializes in antcipation, planning, and impulse control. It is the final part of the brain to mature. |
| What is particular about the prefrontal cortex in infants? | It is virtually inactive in the first months of infancy, and gradually becomes more efficient in childhood and adolescence. |
| Axon | A fibre that extends from a neuron and transmits electrochemical impulses from that neuron to the dendrites of other neurons. |
| Dendrites | A fibre that extends from a neuron and receives electrochemical impulses from ovther neurons via their axons. |
| Each neuron has how many axons and dendrites? | A single axon, numerous dendrites |
| Synpases | The intersection between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of other neurons. |
| Neurotransmitters | A brain chemical that carries infromation from the axon of a sending neuron to the dendrites of a receiving neuron. |
| What is the major reason that the brain triples in weight from birth to age 2? | Dendrite growth |
| Why is prenatal brain development limited in humans? | Because the human pelvis is relatively small and the baby's head must be relatively small as well to make birth possible - therefore there is an acceleration of growth only after birth. |
| Transient exuberance | The great but temporary increase in the number of dendrites that develop in an infant's brain during the first two years of life (exuberant > rapid, transient > some of it is temporary). |
| Pruning | When applied to brain development, the process by which unused connections in the brain atrophy and die (to make room for more useful ones). |
| Give 2 examples of experiences that make expansion and pruning happen in infant's brains. | 1. noticing musical rythms 2. understanding emotions |
| Why does the natural loss of dendrites increase brain power? | Too densely packed neurons (like in chimpanzees) can make you less intelligent, because the brain needs more space for dendrite formation. Some space between neurons is necessary. |
| Define what causes autism in the brain. | Rapid brain growth, which suggests too little pruning. Makes thinking difficult. |
| What are the 2 types of categorization schemes present in the brain (Greenough and colleagues)? | 1. experience-expectant 2. experience-dependent |
| Experience-expectant | Information storage in the brain, which includes environmental information that is common to all people (ex: seeing contrast, borders, patterns, etc.) |
| Experience-dependent | Information storage in the brain, which stores important and specific information, unique to the individual (ex: sources of food) |
| Plasticity | The ability to be modified or changed. |
| Some parts of the brain development at the prenatal stage is automatic due to ______. | genetically predetermined pathways |
| What is a major advantage of the brain development's plasticity? | Its ability to compensate or take over the functions of certain areas that may have been damaged by disease or accident. |
| Those who learn two languages during their early years have a larger _________, which may assist with ______ and ______. | left brain, language acquisition, fluency |
| What is an advantage of exposing an infant to two languages during the first 7-8 months? | They are more likely to speak idiomatically - that is, with no discernable accent. |
| Fusiform face area | A part of the brain that is astonishingly adept at face recognition/. Primed among newborns, although it has yet to reflect experience: ex: newborns will stare at monkey faces as well as human ones. |
| Name 3 simple and efficient ways of promoting healthy development for newborns. | 1. provide a stiumlating environment |
| What is considered a stimulating enviroment for a newborn? | Talking and singing to the baby, playing, massaging, and engaging in other sensory activities |
| Shaken baby syndrome (SBS) | A life-threatening injury that occurs when an infant is foreceully shaken back and forth, a motion that ruptures blood vessels in the brain and breaks neural connections |
| Self-righting | The inborn drive to remedy a developmental deficit; literally, to return to sitting or standing upright after being tipped over. People of all ages have self-righting impulses, for emotional as well as physical imbalance. |
| Describe a scenario in which social environment has a direct effect on baby's sleep pattern. | If parents respond to pre-dawn cries with food and play, the baby will wake up early every morning. |
| What is the average sleeping pattern of newborns? | With large fluctuation between maturity and different babies, the average is 15-17 hours of sleep a day, divided in 1-3 hour segments. |
| REM (rapid eye movement) sleep | A stage of sleep characterized by flickering eyes behind lcosed lids, dreaming, and rapid brain waves. |
| Sensorimotor intelligence | Piaget's term for the way infants think - by using their senses and motor skills - during the first period of cognitive development |
| What are Piaget's 6 periods of sensorimotor intelligence? | 1. simple reflexes 2. primary circular reactions 3. secondary circular reactions 4. coordination of secondary circulary reactions 5. tertiary circular reactions 6. mental representation |
| Piaget's stage of "simple reflexes" | Includes neonatal reflexes that infants use during their first month of life. During this stage, the newborn's motor reflexes evoke certain brain reactions. First stage. |
| Piaget's stage of "primary circular reactions" | Lasts one month to four months. Infants put together two actions or sensations (ex: looking and touching, or listening and touching) to form a habit. Over time, the two seperate actions become one, repeated over and over (ex: sucking). |
| What do stages 1 and 2 from Piaget's sensorimotor intelligence periods have in common? | The infant's focus is primarily on themselves. |
| What do stages 3 and 4 of Piaget's sensorimotor intelligence periods have in common? | Reactions are no longer confined to the infant's body; they are an interaction between the baby and something else in the external world. |
| Piaget's "secondary circular reactions" | infants attempt to produce something exciting; making interesting events last (ex: realizing that rattles make noise, they wave their arms and laugh whwnever someone puts a rattle in their hand) |
| Piaget's "coordination of secondary circular reactions" | Also called "measn to the end" - babies have goals that they try to reach. Begin to show intentionality (often ask for help: fussing, pointing, gesturing, to get what they want). Might assess a paretn's mood and then try to engage. |
| Object permanence | The realization that objects (including people) still exist even if they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard. |
| "The tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather than in the new location where it was last hidden." | A-not-B error |
| "The stage-five toddler (age 12 to 18 months) who experiments without anticipating the results, using trial and error in active and creative exploration." | Little scientist |
| "A sequence in which an infant first perceives something done by someone else and then performs the same saction hours or even days later." | Deferred imitation |
| "Cells in an observer's brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer had actually performed that action." | Mirror neurons |
| "A perspective that compares human thinking processes, by analogy, to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories, and output." | Information-processing theory |
| "A perceptual experience that is intended to help a person recollect an idea, a thing, or an experience, without testing whether the person remembers it at the moment." | Reminder session |
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jarnol33
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