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Learning
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acquisition | in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. |
| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. the events may be two stimuli ( in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequence ( as in operant conditioning) |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events |
| cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. for example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it |
| conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer |
| conditioned response (cr) | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral ( but now conditioned ) stimulus (cs) |
| conditioned stimulus (cs) | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (cs), comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| conditioning | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second ( often weaker) conditioned stimulus |
| continous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs |
| discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| discriminative stimulus | in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcements) |
| extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced |
| extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment |
| fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific time has elapsed |
| fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses |
| generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
| habituation | an organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it |
| insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem |
| intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake |
| latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| law of effect | thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| learned helplessness | the helplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
| learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy |
| modeling | the process of observing and imitating specific behavior |
| negative reinforcement | increases behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. a negative reinforcer is any stimulus that when removed after a response strengthen the response. |
| observational learning | learning by observing others. also called social learning |
| operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment producing consequences |
| operant chamber | in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as the Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key seeking |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| partial (intermittent) reinforcer | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction that does continuous reinforcement |
| positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. a positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response |
| primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcer stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. the opposite of antisocial behavior |
| punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows |
| reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as on an automatic response to some stimulus |
| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which a reinforcer guides behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior |
| spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response |
| unconditioned response (ur) | in classical conditioning, the unlearned naturally occurring response to the uncontrolled stimulus such as salivation when food is in the mouth |
| unconditioned stimulus (us) | in classical conditioning, a stimulation that unconditionally -- naturally and automatically triggers a response |
| variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
Created by:
brooklynerlee
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