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Psych Chap 1/2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Psychology | |
| Pseudopsychology | |
| Goals of Psychology | |
| Scientific method | |
| Replicated study | |
| Operational | |
| Independent variable | |
| Dependent variable | |
| Experimental group | |
| Control group | |
| Random assignment | |
| Naturalistic observation | |
| Laboratory observation | |
| Case study | |
| Phineas Gage | |
| Surveys | |
| Correlational Studies | |
| Causation | |
| Correlation | |
| Ethical guidelines | |
| Experimenter bias | |
| Observer bias | |
| Sample bias | |
| Participant bias | |
| The scientific study of behavior and mental processes | |
| None scientific studies (psychics, mediums, iridologists, astrologers) | |
| Description, explanation, prediction, control | |
| Empirical method of acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science | |
| Repetition of a research study, generally with different situations and different subjects to determine if the basic findings of the original study can be applied to other participants and circumstances | |
| Operational definition | A statement of the procedures or ways in which the researcher is going to measure behavior or qualities |
| Variable whose variation does not depend on that of another. Changes what the experiment is studying | |
| Variable whose variation does depend on that of another. What the experiment is studying | |
| The group that gets the independent variable | |
| The group that gets the placebo or normal scenario | |
| Best way to gain test subjects for experiment | |
| Research method that involves observing subjects in their natural environment | |
| Research method that takes place in an environment controlled by the researchers and will make the test as similar to a real life situation as possible | |
| A process or record of research in which detailed consideration is given to the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time | |
| American railroad construction foreman remembered for his improbable survival of an incident in which a large iron rod was driven completely through his head, destroying much of his brain’s frontal lobe | |
| Data collection tool used to gather information about individuals. Used in psychology research to collect self-report data from study participants | |
| Type of research used as a preliminary way to gather info about a topic or in situations where performing and experiment is not possible. How two things correlate | |
| Demonstration of how one variable influences another variable or other variables | |
| Association. Measure of extent to which two variables are related | |
| People first, research second; informed consent; voluntary participation; withdrawal at any time; restricted use of deception; debriefing; confidentiality | |
| Bias introduced by an experimenter whose expectations about the outcome of the experiment can be subtly communicated to the participants in the experiment | |
| Observer comes prepared with prior knowledge and expectations | |
| Occurs when the group selected for a statistical study or survey is not random and does not represent the larger population | |
| Tendency of participants in an experiment to consciously or subconsciously act in a way that they think the experimenter or researcher wants them to act | |
| Courtesy bias | (Social desirability response) tendency that some individuals have not fully stated their own happiness with the service or product because of a desire not to offend the person or organization that they are responding to |
| Observer effects | Refers to subjects, altering their behavior when they are aware an observer is present |
| Structuralism | Sought to identify the basic building blocks of the mind through introspection |
| Functionalism | Study how the mind functions to adapt organisms to their environment |
| Psychoanalysis perspective | Unconscious processes and unresolved past conflicts |
| Psychodynamic perspective | Emphasizes unconscious psychological processes and contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personalities |
| Behaviorism | Objective, observable environmental influences in overt behavior; conditioning |
| Humanism | Free will, self actualization, positive psychology, growth-seeking human nature |
| Cognitive psychology | Thought, perception, and information processing |
| Multitasking | When someone tries to perform to tasks simultaneously from one task to another or attempt to perform two or more tasks at rapid succession |
| Neuroscience/biopsychology | Genetics and other biological processes in the brain and other parts of the nervous system |
| Nature vs nurture controversy | Involves whether human behavior is determined by the environment (either prenatal or during a person’s life) or by a person’s genes |
| Wilhelm Wundt | Set up first laboratory of experimental psychology (1879). Used the scientific method to study the structure of perception and sensation. Structuralist |
| William James | Father of American psychology, author of Principles of Psychology; functionalist |
| Max Wertheimer | Studied sensation and perception; gestalt psychology |
| Sigmund Freud | Conception of the unconscious mind; psychoanalyst |
| Ivan Pavlov | Classical conditioning; famous for conditioning experiment; behaviorist |
| B. F. Skinner | Operant conditioning; behaviorist |
| John Watson | Psychology should remain scientific observable behavior; Little Albert experiment; behaviorist |
| Psychiatrist | Physician who specializes in branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis, prevention, study, and treatment of mental disorders |
| Psychoanalyst | Person who practices psychoanalysis |
| Psychiatric social worker | Specialized type of medical social work that involves supporting, providing therapy to, and coordinating the care of individuals who are severely mentally ill and to require hospitalization or other types of insensitive psychiatric help |
| Psychologist | An expert or specialist in psychology |
| Sport psychologist | Often help athletes cope with the intense pressure that comes from competition and overcome problems with focus and motivation, improve performance, and recover from injuries |
| Phenomoneologist | Study structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view |
| Developmental psychologist | Studies humans across the lifespan |
| Forensic psychologist | Conduct screenings or assessments of prisoners, investigate psychological disorders among criminal and civil court defendants, and to examine the mental state of criminals to determine if they are able to stand trial |
| Clinical psychologist | Meet with clients to identify problems – emotional, mental, and behavioral – in their lives. Will diagnose any existing or potential disorders |
| Counseling psychologist | Evaluate their patients’ current situations and problems and then offer advice |
| Central Nervous System | Part of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Transmits info to and from CNS |
| Autonomic Nervous System | Automatically regulates glands, internal organs and blood vessels, people dilation, digestion, and blood pressure |
| Somatic Nervous System | Carries sensory information and controls movement of skeletal muscles |
| Parasympathetic division | Division of autonomic Nervous System; maintain bodily functions under ordinary conditions; saves energy (think rest) |
| Sympathetic division | Division of autonomic Nervous system; prepares the body to react and expand energy in times of stress (think arousal) |
| Spinal cord reflex | Simple behaviors produced by CNS pathways that lie entirely within the spinal cord |
| Reflex arc | Neural pathway that controls a reflex |
| Neurons | Send and receive messages in the form of electrochemical information |
| Axon | Long extension of a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the body of the cell |
| Axon terminals | Hair like end of the axon |
| Cell body | Contains the nucleus of the neuron (also called the soma) |
| Dendrites | Branching structure of a neuron that receives messages (attached to cell body) |
| Myelin sheath | The fatty substance that surrounds and protects some nerve fibers |
| Nucleus | The center of the cell body of the neuron that contains the genetic material of the cell |
| Glial cells | Surround neurons and provide support for and insulation between them |
| Myelin | Insulating layer, or sheath that forms around nerves, including those in the brain and spinal cord |
| Electrochemical communication process | Sensory receptors interact with stimuli such as light, sound, temperature, and pain which is transformed into a code that is carried to the brain by a chain of neurons. When that occurs, electrical signal is triggered to be generated through neuron |
| Synapses | Junction between two nerve cells, consisting of a minute gap across which impulses passed by diffusion of a neurotransmitter |
| Reuptake | The absorption by a presynaptic nerve ending of a neurotransmitter that it has secreted |
| 100 billion neurons | Number of neurons in brain |
| Interneurons | A neuron which transmits impulses between other neurons, especially as part of a reflex arc |
| Sensory neurons | Nerve cells with the nervous system responsible for converting external stimuli from the organisms environment into internal electrical impulses |
| Motor neurons | Where on his cell body is located in the motor cortex, brainstem or the spinal cord, and his axon project to the spinal cord or outside of the spinal cord to directly or indirectly control affect your organs, mainly muscles and glands |
| Mirror neurons | Neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers in the brain; transmit neural impulse across synapse |
| Acetycholine | Stimulates muscle contraction; involved in memory, learning, and general intellectual functioning |
| Dopamine | Involved in movement, attention, learning, and pleasurable experiences |
| Serotonin | Involved in sleep, moods, and emotional states |
| Norepinephrine | Involved in increasing heartbeat and arousal, as well as learning and memory retrieval (adrenaline) |
| GABA | Helps to offset excitatory messages and regulate daily sleep-wake cycles (calm down neurotransmitter) |
| Endorphins | Involved in pain perception and positive emotions |
| Effect of deficit of acetylcholine | Alzheimers is a result of what neurotransmitter DEFICIT? |
| Increases activity of acetylcholine | Nicotine INCREASES the activity of what neurotransmitter? |
| Decreases activity of acetylcholine | Curare and Botox DECREASE activity of what neurotransmitter? |
| Effect of deficit of dopamine | Parkinson’s disease is the result of what neurotransmitter DEFICIT? |
| Effect of excess dopamine | Schizophrenia is the result of what neurotransmitter EXCESS? |
| Increases activity of dopamine | Illegal drugs, nicotine, and el dopa (Parkinson’s medication) INCREASE activity of which neurotransmitter? |
| Decreases activity of dopamine | Some antipsychotic drugs result in the DECREASE of activity of which neurotransmitter? |
| Deficit of serotonin | Depression, anxiety, and insomnia is the result of DEFICIT of which neurotransmitter? |
| Increases activity of serotonin | Ambien, LSD, prescription sleep medication, ecstasy, and some antidepressants INCREASES the activity of which neurotransmitter? |
| Deficit of norepinephrine | Depression and learning disabilities (ADHD) are the result of DEFICIT of which neurotransmitter? |
| Excess norepinephrine | Anxiety is the result of EXCESS of which neurotransmitter? |
| Increases norepinephrine activity | Cocaine, caffeine, and amphetamine INCREASES the activity of which neurotransmitter? |
| deficit of GABA | Hard to sleep, related to anxiety, can be related to seizures is the result of DEFICIT of which neurotransmitter? |
| Excess of GABA | Sleep disorder (Hypersomnia) and eating disorders is a result of EXCESS of which neurotransmitter? |
| Increases GABA activity | Alcohol INCREASES activity in which neurotransmitter? |
| Deficit of endorphins | Low pain tolerance is the DEFICIT of which neurotransmitter? |
| Excess of endorphins | High pain tolerance to the point where one cannot tell how much pain they’re in is the result of EXCESS of which neurotransmitter? |
| Increase activity of endorphins | Exercise, opiates (including heroin), and alcohol results in INCREASED activity of which neurotransmitter? |
| Phrenology | The detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities |
| Medulla | The lowest section of the brainstem; it controls automatic functions including heartbeat, breathing, etc. |
| Reticular formation (reticular activating system) | Set of interconnected nuclei that are located throughout the brainstem; not anatomically well-defined because it includes neurons located in different parts of the brain |
| Pons | Part of the brain stem that joins the hemispheres of the cerebellum and connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum; located just above the medulla |
| Cerebellum | Where to the brain below the back of the Cerebrum. It regulates balance, posture, movement, and muscle coordination |
| Thalamus | Are the forebrain that relays info from sensory organs to the cerebral cortex |
| Hippocampus | Plays a role in our emotions, ability to remember, and ability to compare sensory info to expectations |
| Hypothalamus | Part of the forebrain that regulates the amount of fear, thirst, sexual drive, and aggression we feel; brain within a brain |
| Amygdala | Fluence is our motivation, emotional control, fear response, and interpretations of nonverbal emotional expressions |
| Cerebrum | Large part of the brain containing the cerebral cortex as well as several subcortical structures, including the hippocampus, basil ganglia, and olfactory bulb; uppermost region of the central nervous system |
| Cerebral cortex | Outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals. |
| Corpus callosum | Large bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres |
| Split brain studies | If hemispheres are not connected, they function independently of one another |
| Frontal lobe | Receives and coordinates messages from other lobes; motor control, speech production, higher functions (broca’s area, motor cortex) |
| Temporal lobe | Hearing, language comprehension, memory, and some emotional control; contains wernicke’s area |
| Occipital lobe | Vision and visual perception (visual cortex) |
| Parietal lobe | Receives information about pressure, pain, touch, and temperature; Center of imagination; bodily sensations; somatosensory cortex |
| Somatosensory cortex | Sponsorable for processing somatic sensations |
| Motor cortex | Region of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements |
| Broca’s Area | Speech production |
| Wernicke’s area | Region of the brain that is important for language development; located in temple lobe |
| Hemispheric specialization/ hemispheric lateralization | Refers to the different and specific functions performed by the two hemispheres of the brain |
| Right brain functions | Nonverbal abilities (art, perceptual/spatiomanipulative skills, express emotion, recognize faces, patterns/melodies, some language comprehension), synthetic (figure things out by combining to form wholes), Controls left side of body, left visual field |
| Left brain functions | Language functions (speaking, reading, writing, understanding language), analytical (figures things out step-by-step), Controls right side of body, right visual field |
| Neuroplasticity | Brains ability to re-organize and change its structure and function |
| Neurogenesis | Division and differentiation of non-neuronal cells to produce neurons |
| Goal of psychology: DESCRIPTION | Tells “what” occurs |
| Goal of Psychology: EXPLANATION | Tells “why” behavior or mental processes occurred |
| Goal of psychology: PREDICTION | Identifies conditions “under which a future behavior or mental process is likely to occur” |
| Goal of psychology: CONTROL | Applies psychological knowledge to prevent unwanted behavior or to bring about desired goals |
| Gestalt | “Good figure” psychology. The whole is different than the combination of its parts |
| Carl Rogers | Theory of personality development; humanist |
| Abraham Maslow | Hierarchy of needs; humanist |
Created by:
giannariche
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