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Biological Psych
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the parts of a neuron? | Dendrites, cell body, axon, myelin sheath, terminal branches of axon |
| What is the synapse? | The terminal button of one neuron, synaptic space, and the receiving dendrites of another neuron |
| What are the three types of neurons? What are their functions? What are they refer to as? | 1) sensory neurons- carry information from the sensory system to the brain- afferent 2)motor neurons-carry information from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands- efferent 3) interneurons- carry information between other neurons |
| How do neurons communicate within versus between? | Inside is electrical and between is chemical |
| What state is a neuron at before it fires? What does this mean? (3) | Resting potential: neuron is not transmitting information, negatively charged ions are in the axon and positively charged are outside, neuron is polarized |
| What causes a neuron to fire? What are three other names for this? | A neuron fires from a brief electrical charge that travels down the axon. This is also called neural impulse, Nerf a firing, or depolarization |
| What two laws must be known about the neural impulse? | A neuron either fires or it does not and it always produces an impulse of the same |
| When is the absolute refractory period? When is the relative refractory period? | AFP is the period immediately after action potential when another action potential cannot. RFP is the period following absolute refractory period when a neuron will only responded to a stronger than normal impulse |
| What do synaptic vesicles release? And where do they go? | Neurotransmitters that bind to receptor sites |
| What are the nine major neurotransmitters in the body? What are their functions? Examples of malfunctions? | ACh, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA, glutamate, glycine, L-DOPA, tryptophan... |
| What is an agonist? What is an antagonist? | An agonist is a molecule that increases the neurotransmitters action. An antagonist is a molecule that inhibits a neurotransmitters action |
| What are the five basic parts to the brainstem? What are their primary functions? Secondary function? Do we have to think to work the brain stem? | Medulla- respiration, blood pressure heart rate + vomiting Pons- put you to sleep Reticular formation- attention, regulates awareness, motor functions Cerebellum- balance and coordination Thalamus- directs sensory info to the rest of the brain |
| what is the limbic system? What are the three main parts of the limbic system? What are the primary functions? Secondary functions? | The limbic system is the emotion headquarters. Hypothalamus- drives hunger, thirst, sex + temp control Amygdala- fight or flight/ fear and anger Hippocampus- memory creation and spaitial awareness |
| What four lobes are in the cerebral cortex? Two cortexs? Two areas? What are their primary functions? | Occipital lobe- visual Parietal lobe- spaitial Frontal lobe- decision Temporal lobe- auditory sensory info Motor cortex- movement Sennsory cortex- sensation Wernicke's area- understanding speech Broca's area- producing speech |
| What is the corpus callosum? | Fibers that connects the two hemispheres and allow communication between the left and right hemisphere |
| What does the left hemisphere specialize in versus the right hemisphere? | The left specializes in logical and verbal and the right specializes in manipulative / spatial and creative |
| In the 1970's, how would a doctors stop seizures from happening in patients? What happens by doing this? | They would have severed the corpus callosum so that the seizures. This meant that the left hemisphere and the right hemisphere no longer share info and complete tasks together |
| What are the five methods to study the brain? What are their methods? continued... | 1) EEG- uses a small electrodes to get an amplified recording of the electrical waves sweeping across the brain's surface 2)CAT- uses x-rays to create a 3D structural image of the brain |
| What are the five methods to study the brain? What are their methods? | 3)MRI- uses magnetic field and radio waves to produce functional images 4)PET- uses radioactive glucose to determine location of her greatest brain activity 5)fMRI- shows function and structure by measuring movement of blood molecules in the brain |
| What is the spinal cord? What does it do? (2) | The spinal cord is a cable of nerves that connects the brain to the rest of the body. spinal cord carries motor impulses from the brain to internal organs and muscles and carries sensory information from the extremities to internal organs to the brain |
| What is one thing that the spinal cord controls? | Some protective reflex movements without any input from the brain |
| What is the PNS? What nerves are in it? | Pns stands for the peripheral nervous system. It consists of all nerves that aren't brain or spinal cord. |
| Explain how the nervous system is broken up... | Nervous system = CNS and PNS... |
| What does the somatic nervous system consist of? Why do scientists think the SNS developed? | Neurons that communicate between the body and the Brain as well as motor neurons.they think as an evolutionary byproduct when the body needed to fight, flight, or freeze |
| What is the ANS? What are the two divisions of the ANS? | autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division |
| When is the sympathetic division most active? What does it do? (3) | It's most active when you are angry, afraid, or aroused. It increases heart rate, breathing, and stops digestion |
| When is the parasympathetic division active? What does it do? (3) | It's active after the body has had the fight-or-flight response, it calms the body down. It reduces heart rate, breathing, and restores digestion |
| How does the limbic system interact with ANS? | Hypothalamus is involved in coordination of ANS responses. When person experiences stressful event, amygdala sends distress signal to the hypothalamus.the hypothalamus talks with rest of body thru the nervous system so person has the energy to fight or fl |
| What five things do the glial cells do? What is gray matter vs. White matter? | Bay insulate and support neurons, create the myelin sheath, remove waste product, provide nourishment, and prevent harmful substances from entering the brain.gray matter is unmyelinated brain tissue and white my matter is myelinated brain tissue |
| What is the endocrine system? What is the endocrine system controlled by?How does it send messages? Where do these messages go? | The endocrine system helps coordinate psychological reactions. it is controlled by the hypothalamus. it sends messages have via chemicals in the bloodstream called hormones. They go to the brain and other tissues |
| What's 7 body parts are part of the endocrine system? | Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads |
| What is the pituitary gland? What does it produce? (3) | It is the master gland of the endocrine system. It produces hormones that regulate other glands,growth hormones, and oxytocin |
| What do the pineal glands secrete? What does this regulate? | It secretes melatonin which regulates the sleep-wake cycle |
| What does the thyroid gland to do? Overactive thyroid versus underactive thyroid? | Secretes hormones, mostly thyroxine, that control metabolism. Overactive thyroid: can mean insomnia, reduced attention span, agitation. Underactive thyroid: too little thyroxine so feeling constantly tired |
| What do the adrenal glands do? | Secrete hormones for the fight-or-flight response |
| What does the pancreas do? (2) | Regulates blood sugar levels and secretes insulin and glucagon |
| What are the gonads? What do they secrete? What do they play a role in? | The testes and ovaries. They secrete estrogens and androgens (testosterone).they play a role in development, aggression, sexual drive, brain growth during prenatal development |
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