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C.PSYCH UNIT 2 TEST
Mr. Stickler's Liberty Christian Cog. Psych. Unit 2 flashcards 2021
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the term "perception" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the use of previous knowledge to gather and interpret stimuli that is registered by your 5 senses. |
| Explain how "object recognition"/ "pattern recognition" works. | This process works when you identify a complex arrangement or sensory stimuli and you perceive that this pattern is separate from it background. |
| What is the difference between a "distal stimulus" and a "proximal stimulus"? | A "distal stimulus" is the actual object that is in the environment. A "proximal stimulus" is the information registered on your sensory receptors (EX: the image that your pen creates on your retina). |
| How does "iconic memory" - also known as "visual sensory memory" - work? | This type of memory works by preserving an image of a visual stimulus for a brief period after the stimulus has disappeared. |
| What is the portion of your brain that is "concerned with basic processing of visual stimuli"? | This is known as the "primary visual cortex". |
| Where is the "primary visual cortex" located? | This is located in the occipital lobe of your brain. |
| What role does the "inferotemporal cortex" play in perception? | This part of the brain plays "an important role in recognizing complex objects such as faces". |
| Explain what happens in an "ambiguous figure - ground relationship". | In this, the figure and the ground reverse from time to time, so that the figure becomes the ground and then becomes the figure again. |
| Give one (1) example of an "ambiguous figure - ground relationship". | One example of this is the "Vase - Faces Effect". |
| What happens during an "illusory contours" illusion? | During this illusion, "we see edges even though they are not physically present in the stimulus". |
| Briefly explain what "feature-analysis theory" states where visual object recognition is concerned. | This theory states that a visual stimulus is made up of a small number of characteristics or components. Each component is called a "distinctive feature". |
| List one (1) of the problems of the "feature - analysis theories". | These were constructed to explain relatively simple recognition of letters, but the shapes that occur in nature are much more complex. |
| Briefly explain what "Recognition-by-components theory" states where visual object recognition is concerned. | This theory states that a specific view of an object can be represented as an arrangement of simple 3-D shapes called "geons". |
| What does the "viewer - centered approach" - a modification of the "recognition-by-components theory" - propose? | This proposes that we store a small number of views of three - dimensional objects, rather than just one view. |
| What is the difference between "bottom-up" and "top-down processing"? | "Bottom-up processing" emphasizes that the stimulus characteristics are important when you recognize an object. "Top - down processing" emphasizes how a person's concepts, expectations, & memory can influence object recognition. |
| What do cognitive psychologists believe about "bottom-up" and "top-down processing" as they relate to each other? | Cognitive psychologists believe that both "bottom-up" and "top-down processing" are necessary to explain the complexities of object recognition. |
| How does the "word superiority effect" work? | We identify a single letter more accurately & more rapidly when it appears in a meaningful word than when it appears alone by itself or in a meaningless string of unrelated letters. |
| What does the term "change blindness" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to our failure to detect a change in an object or a scene. |
| Why does "change blindness" occur? | This phenomena occurs "because we overuse top-down processing. |
| What does the term "inattentional blindness" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to our failure to notice when an unexpected but completely visible object suddenly appears. |
| Give one (1) example of a situation when "inattentional blindness" occurs. | One example of this is when subjects in an experiment are told to concentrate on the number of bounce and aerial passes that basketball players make in a scene, but fail to notice when a person wearing a gorilla suit enters the scene. |
| What is one (1) way that researchers can reconcile object recognition errors (i.e. change blindness and inattentional blindness)? | One (1) way that researchers can do this is to ensure "ecological validity" - studies in which the conditions in which the research is conducted are similar to the natural setting where the results will be applied. |
| What does the term "face - inversion effect" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to the phenomena in which people are able to provide much more accurate identification of upright faces compared to upside-down faces. |
| What is a "phoneme"? | These are the basic units of spoken languages such as the sounds a, k, and th. |
| What does the term "phonemic restoration" mean/ refer to? | This term refers to people's ability to "fill in" missing phonemes when other noises "mask" (or "conceal") a phoneme. |
| What is the "McGurk Effect"? | This refers to the influence of visual information on speech perception, when people have to integrate both visual and auditory information. |
| What does the "special mechanism approach" to speech perception state? | This states that humans are born with a specialized device that allows us to decode speech stimuli. This allows us to process speech sounds more quickly and accurately than other non-speech sounds. |
| What does the "general mechanism approach" to speech perception state? | This approach states that humans perceive speech sounds in the same way we perceive non-speech sounds. |
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