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Psych101chap1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the definition of Psychology? | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. |
| What is the definition of science? | The use of systematic methods to observe the natural world, including human behavior, and to draw conclusions. |
| What is behavior? | Everything that we do that can be directly observed. |
| What are mental processes? | The thoughts, feelings, and motives that people experience privately but that cannot be observed directly. |
| What is the humanistic approach? | An approach psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny. |
| What is the cognitive approach? | An approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems. |
| What is the evolutionary approach? | An approach to psychology centered on evolutionary ideas such as adaption, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors. |
| What is the sociocultural approach? | An approach to psychology that examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior. |
| What is a variable? | Anything that can change. |
| What is a theory? | A broad idea of closely related ideas that attempts to explain observations and to make predictions about future observations. |
| What is a hypthesis? | A testable prediction that derives logically from a theory. |
| What is operational definition? | A definition that provides an objective description of how a variable is going to be measured and observed in a particular study. |
| What is a case study or case history? | An in-depth look at a single individual. |
| What is correlation research? | Research that examines the relationships between variables, whose purpose is to examine whether and how two variables change together. |
| What is the third variable problem? | The circumstance where a variable that has not been measured accounts for the relationship between two other variables. Third variables are known as confounds. |
| What is the longitudial design? | A special kind of systematic observation, used by correlational researchers, that involves obtaining measures of the variables of interest in multiple waves over time. |
| What is an experiment? | A careful regulated procedure in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables that are believed to influence some other variable. |
| What is the random assignment? | Researchers' assignment of participants to groups by chance, to reduce the likelihood that an experiment's results will be due to preexisting differences between groups. |
| What is the independent variable? | A manipulated experimental factor; the variable that the experimenter changes to see what its effects are |
| What is a confederate? | A person who is given a role to play in a study so that the social context can be manipulated. |
| What is a dependent variable? | The outcome; the factor that can change in an experiment in response to changes in the independent variable. |
| What is the experimental group? | The participants in an experiment who recieve the drug or other treatment under study--that is those who are exposed to the change that the independent variable represents. |
| What is the control group? | The participants in an experiment eho are as much like the experimental group as possible and who are treated in every way like the experimental group except for the manipulated factor, the independent variable. |
| What is validity? | The soundness of the conclusions that a researcher draws from an experiment. In the realm of testing, the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. |
| What is external validity? | The degree to which an experimental design actually reflects the real-world issues it is supposed to address. |
| What is internal validity? | The degree ti which chages in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable. |
| What are demand characteristics? | Any aspects of a sthdy that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave. |
| What is a experimenter bias? | The influence of the experimenter's expectations on the outcome of research. |
| What is the research participants bias? | Is an experiment, the influence of participants' expectations, and if their thoughts on how they should behave, on their behavior. |
| What is the placebo effect? | The situation where participants' expectations, rather that the experimental treatment, produce an experimental outcome. |
| What is a placebo? | In drug study, a harmless substance that has nk physiological effect, given to participants in a control group so that they are treatwd identically to the experimental group except for the active agent. |
| What is the double-blind experiment? | An experimental design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants are aware of which are in the experimental group and which are in the crontrol group ubtil the results are calculated. |
| What is a population? | The entire group about which the researcher wants to draw conclusions. |
| What is a sample? | The subset of the population chosen by the investigator for study. |
| What is a random sample? | A sample that gives every menver id the piphlatuon an equal chance of being selected. |
| What is a naturalistic observation? | The observation of behavior in a real-world setting. |
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K-dog21
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