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psych 243-Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| middle childhood | Between early childhood and early adolescence, approximately from ages 6 to 11 |
| evolutionary perspective in middle childhood | survived hazards of birth and early childhood so they can live long enough to reproduce |
| Cotinine | biomarker that reveals inhaled nicotine, has declined in children's Blood by 20% in just one decade |
| body mass index ( BMI) | a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters |
| childhood overweight | a child having a BMI above the 85th percentile |
| childhood obesity | a child having a BMI over at the 95th percentile |
| Asthma | a chronic disease of the respiratory system in which inflammation Narrows the airway from the nose and mouth to the lungs, causing difficulty in breathing. Signs and symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing |
| hygiene hypothesis | the immune system needs to tangle with microbes when we are all young. Parents are worried about viruses and bacteria and overprotective children preventing minor infections and diseases that would strengthen their immunity |
| concrete operational thought | Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions |
| classification | The Logical principle that things can be organized into groups ( or categories or classes) According to some characteristics they have in common |
| seriation | the understanding that things can be arranged in a logical series such a smallest to biggest |
| reaction time | the time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically (with a reflexive movement such as eye blink), or cognitively )with a thought) |
| selective attention | the ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others ( improves markedly at about age 7) |
| sensory memory | the component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split-second to allow it to be processed |
| working memory | a component of the information processing system in which certain conscious mental activity occurs |
| long term memory | a component of the information processing system in which virtually Limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely |
| knowledge base | a body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area |
| three factors facilitate an increase in knowledge base | past experience, current opportunity, and personal motivation |
| control processes | mechanisms ( including selective attention, metacognition, and emotional regulation) that are combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information processing system |
| Metacognition | “ thinking about thinking,” or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to Monitor and adjust one's performance on the task |
| pragmatics | the Practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context |
| immersion | a strategy in which instruction in all School subjects occurs in second language that a child is learning |
| bilingual schooling | strategy in which school subjects are taught in both the Learners original language and the second language |
| ESL ( English as a second language) | an approach to teaching English in which all children who do not speak English or place together in an intensive course to learn basic English so that they can be educated in the same classroom as native English speakers |
| Hidden curriculum | The Unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in a school |
| Trends in math and science study (TIMSS) | an international assessment of the math and science skills of grade 4 in grade eight students. |
| progress in international reading literacy study (PIRLS) | inaugurated in 2001, the plans five year cycle of international Trend studies in the reading abilities of grade for students |
| Phonics Approach | teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and of the various letter combinations |
| Whole-Language Approach | teaching reading by encouraging early use of all language skills (talking, listening, reading and writing) |
| aptitude | the potential to master a specific skill or to learn a certain Body of knowledge |
| intelligence quotient (IQ) test | a test designed to measure intelligence aptitude, or ability to learn in school. Originally, intelligence was defined as mental age divided by chronological age, Multiplied by 100 |
| multiple intelligences | the idea that human intelligence is comprised of a varied set of abilities rather than a single, all-encompassing one |
| Sternberg three distinct types of intelligence: | academic ( measured by IQ and achievement tests), creative ( evidence by imaginative endeavors), impractical ( seeing an everyday problem solving) |
| Gardner originally described 7 intelligence | linguistics, logical-mathematical, Musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal ( social understanding), and intrapersonal ( self understanding ) Later added: naturalistic and existential (thinking about life and death) |
| Developmental Psychopathology | the field that uses insights into typical development to understand and remediate developmental disorders, and vice versa |
| comorbid | the presence of two or more disease conditions at the same time in the same person |
| multifinality | principle of Developmental Psychopathology can have many ( multiple) final manifestations |
| equifinality | a basic principle of Developmental Psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes |
| attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): | a condition in which a person not only has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments but also is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive |
| bipolar disorder | condition characterized by extreme mood swings, from Euphoria to deep depression, not caused by outside experiences |
| disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) | a condition in which a child has chronic irritability and anger that simulates infrequent Tantrums that are inappropriate to the circumstance and to the child age |
| specific learning disorders | a marked deficit in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, by another disorder, or by an unusually stressful home environment. Commonly referred to as a learning disability. |
| dyslexia | usually difficulty with reading, thought to be the result of some neurological under development most common diagnosed learning disability |
| Dyscalculia | usually difficulty with math, probably originated from a distinct part of the brain |
| autism spectrum disorder (ASD) | developmental disorder marked by difficulty with social communication and interaction ( including difficulty seeing things from another person's point of view) and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interest, or activities |
| least restrictive environment (LRE) | legal requirement that children with special needs be assigned to the most general education context in which they can be expected to learn |
| Response to intervention (RTI) | an educational strategy that uses early intervention to help children who demonstrate below-average achievement. Only children who are not helped our designated for more intense measures |
| Individual education (IEP) | document that specifies educational goals and plans for child with special needs |
| Industry vs. inferiority | fourth of Erikson's eight psychosocial chrisis, during which children attempt to master many skills or feel incompetent |
| social comparison | the tendency to assess one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially ones piers |
| resilience | the capacity to adapt well to significant adversity and to overcome serious stress |
| two distinct types of parentification | 1. emotional: in which children try to respond to the emotional demands of their parents and siblings, for example by being The Peacemaker 2. Practical: in which children do all the household daily chores such as cooking meals cleanup and paying bills |
| Formula for influences on a child | G + shared E + non-shared E (Gene's + home environment + non home environment) |
| family structure | the legal and genetic relationships among relatives living in the same home; includes nuclear family, extended family, step family, etc |
| Family function | the way a family Works to meet the needs of its members. Children need families to provide basic material Necessities, to encourage learning, to help them develop self-respect, to nurture friendships, and Foster Harmony and stability |
| during middle childhood, children need five things from their families | -physical necessities -learning -self respect -peer relationships -Harmony and stability |
| Nuclear family | family that consists of a father and mother and their biological children under age 18 (80% of children under 14) |
| single parent family | a family that consists of only one parent and his or her biological children under 18 (19%) |
| extended family | a family of three or more Generations living in one household (3% of households) |
| astronaut family | a family where members live in different countries; children and such families are known as satellite or parachute children |
| family stress model | which holds that the crucial question about any risk factor such as low income is whether it increases stress |
| child culture | the particular habits, Styles, and values that reflect the set of rules and rituals that characterize children as distinct from adult Society |
| Two types of popular children and 3 types of unpopular | Popular: Prosocial, Assertive unpopular: neglected, withdrawn-rejected, aggressive-rejected neither |
| aggressive rejected | someone rejected by peers because of anti agnostic, confrontational Behavior |
| withdrawn rejected | someone rejected by peers because of timid, withdrawn, and anxious Behavior |
| Bullying | repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm through physical, verbal, or social attack on a weaker person |
| bullying four types | physical, verbal, relational (social), and cyberbullying |
| bully-victims | someone who attacks others and is also attacked as well ( also called provocative victim Because the child does things that elicit bullying) |
| Successful ways to Halt bullying are | everyone in the school must change not just the identified bullies, intervention is more effective in the earlier grades, evaluation is critical a program that initially appear to be good might not work |
| Kohlberg’s levels of moral thought | 1. preconventional: a. obedience and punishment driven b. self-interest 2. conventional: a. good girl ad nice boy b. law and order 3. post-conventional: a. social contract b. universal ethics principles |
| preconventional moral reasoning | Kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning, emphasizing rewards and punishments -Similar to pre-operational thought in that is egocentric, children seek pleasure and avoid pain rather than focusing on social concerns |
| conventional moral reasoning | Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning, emphasizing social rules - parallels concrete operational thought in that it relates to specific practices; children try to follow societal norms |
| postconventional moral reasoning | Kohlberg's third level of moral reasoning, emphasizing moral principles - uses formal operational thought; people use logic in developing a personal moral code, questioning what is in order to decide what should be |
| Puberty | the time between the First on Rush of hormones and full adults physical development. usually last 3 to 5 years. Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity. |
| Menarche | a girl's first menstrual., signaling that she has begun ovulation. Pregnancy is biologically possible, but ovulation and menstruation are often a regular 4 years after menarche |
| spermarche | a boy's first ejaculation of sperm. Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signal sperm production. (typical age just under 13) |
| Hormones | an organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to affect some physiological function regulate hunger, sleep, moods, stress, sexual desire, immunity, reproduction & other reactions including puberty |
| Pituitary | a gland in the brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus by producing many hormones, including those that regulate growth and that controls other glands, among them the adrenal glands |
| adrenal glands | two glands located above the kidneys, that produce hormones including the “stress hormone,” epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine |
| Biological sequence of puberty | hypothalamus -> (hormones) -> pituitary -> (Growth Hormone and Gonadatropin-releasing hormone) -> (GH -> Adrenal Glands) (GRH -> Gonads) -> cause increase in many hormones -> growth spurt, primary and secondary sex characteristics |
| hypothalamus- pituitary- adrenal axis ( HPA) | a sequence of hormone production that originates in the hypothalamus, moves to the pituitary, and then ends in the adrenal glands |
| Hypothalamus- pituitary- gonad axis ( HPG) | a sequence of hormone production that originated in the hypothalamus, moved to the pituitary, and then end in the gonads |
| Estradiol | a sex hormone considered the chief estrogen. Females produce much more than men do |
| Testosterone | the sex hormone, the best-known of the androgens (male hormones); secreted in far greater amounts by males than by females |
| estrogens | female hormones |
| androgens | are male hormones |
| primary sex characteristics | the parts of the body that are directly involved in reproduction, including the vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, and penis During puberty increases dramatically in size and mateurs and function |
| secondary sex characteristics | physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction but the indicate sexual maturity, such as a man's beard and a woman's breast |
| precocious puberty | sexual development before the age of eight |
| late puberty | after the age of 16 |
| Secular trend | long-term upward or downward direction of a certain set of statistical measurements -more food has a lot of biological advances. each generation experiences puberty a few weeks earlier and grow a few centimeters are so taller than the preceding one |
| Leptin | a hormone that affects appetite and is believed to affect the onset of puberty. levels increase during childhood and Peak at around age 12 |
| growth spurt | the relatively sudden and Rapid physical growth that occurs during puberty. Each body-part increases in size on a schedule: weight usually precedes height, and growth of the limbs proceed growth of the Torso |
| Sequence of growth | weight, height, and muscle |
| circadian rhythm | a night-day cycle of biological activity that occurs approximately every 24 hours |
| body image | a person's idea of how his or her body looks |
| anorexia nervosa | an eating disorder characterized by severe calorie restriction and the fear of being fat. Affected individuals under eat, or over eat and then over exercise or Purge, depriving their vital organs of nutrition |
| anorexia is officially diagnosed when three symptoms are present: | significantly low body weight for developmental age (BMI of 17 or lower) intense fear weight gain Disturbed body perception and denial of the problem |
| Anorexia athletica | significant (excessive and compulsive) exercise -sometimes the more people exercise, the less food they eat |
| bulimia nervosa | an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and subsequent purging, usually by induced vomiting and or use of laxatives |
| three symptoms of bulimia: | binging and purging at least once a week for 3 months uncontrollable urges to overeat sense of self inordinately tied to body shape and weight |
| adolescent egocentrism | a characteristic of adolescent thinking that Leeds young people ages 10 to 13 to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others |
| imaginary audience | the other people who, in an adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of their appearance, ideas, and behavior. This belief makes many teenagers very self-conscious |
| personal fable | adolescent egocentrism characterized by an adolescent's belief that their thoughts, feelings, and experiences are unique, and more wonderful or awful than everyone else's |
| invincibility fable | an adolescent egocentrism conviction that they cannot be overcome or even harmed by anything that might defeat a normal mortal, such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, or high speed driving |
| Formal operational thought | in Piaget's theory, the fourth and final stage of cognitive development, characterized by more systematic logical thinking and by the ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract Concepts |
| Hypothetical thought | reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality |
| Deductive reasoning | reasoning from a general statement, premis, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out specifics. Also called top-down reasoning |
| inductive reasoning | reasoning from one or more specific experiences or fax to reach a general conclusion. Also called bottom up reasoning |
| Dual- process model | the notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli |
| Intuitive thought | thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, Beyond rational explanation, and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions |
| analytic thought | thought that results from analysis, such as systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, and possibilities and facts. depends on logic and rationality |
| secondary education | After primary education and before tertiary education. Usually occurs from about age 12 to age 18, although there are some variation by school and by Nation ( traditionally grade 7 through 12) |
| Middle School | a school for children in the grades between Elementary and high school. usually begins with grade 6 and ends with grade 8 |
| eternity approach to intelligence | an approach to understand intelligence that feasibility as an 8, a fixed quantity present at birth; those who hold this view do not believe that effort enhances achievement |
| incremental approach to intelligence | an approach to understanding intelligence that holds that intelligence can be directly increased by effort; those who subscribe to this view believe that they can Master whatever they seek to learn |
| Stereotype threat | anxiety-producing idea that other people are going to judge you in a stereotype way. it describes a person's on perceived fear |
| Cyberbullying | bullying that occurs when one person spreads insults or rumors about another by means of Technology |
| our factors that correlate with high achievement | leaders, parents, and citizens overall value education, with individualized approach standards are high and clear teachers and administrators are valued learning is prioritized across the entire system |
| Identity versus role confusion | Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out who am I but is confused as to which of many possible rolls too adopt |
| Identity achievement | Erikson's term for the attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans. |
| four specific ways in which young people cope with this life stage | role confusion, foreclosure, moratorium, identity achievement |
| role confusion | a situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what their identity is. |
| foreclosure | Erikson's term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts their parents or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis |
| moratorium | an adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity achievement decisions. Going to college or university is a common example |
| five arenas for identity formation | religious, political, vocational, and sexual ethnic identity |
| gender identity ( adolescence) | a person's acceptance of the rules and behaviors that Society Associates with the biological categories of male and female |
| Ethnic identity | the extent to which a person identifies with a particular ethnic groups roles and behaviors. |
| four types of ethnic identity formation: | integrated, separated, national, diffuse |
| integrated identity | in which youth maintain their Heritage identity while incorporating aspects of the settlement, or new country, identity |
| separated identity | in which youth maintain their Heritage identity while rejecting the settlement identity |
| national identity | in which youth reject their Heritage identity and replace it with the settlement identity |
| diffuse identity | in which youth reject both their Heritage and their settlement identity |
| bickering | Petty, peevish arguing, usually repeated and ongoing - May indicate a healthy family since close relationships almost always include conflict |
| family closeness has four aspects: | Communication ( do family members talk openly with one another) Support ( do they rely on one another) Connectedness ( how emotionally close are they) Control ( do parents encourage or limit adolescent autonomy) |
| parental monitoring | parents ongoing awareness of what their children are doing, where, and with whom |
| Peer pressure | encouragement to conform to one's friends or contemporaries in Behavior, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative Force, as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult Authority |
| Deviancy training | destructive peer-support in which one person shows another how to repel against Authority or social norms |
| Developmental progression | the combination of problem Behavior, school marginalization, and low academic performance at age 11 leads to gang involvement 2 years later, deviancy training two years after that, and violent Behavior at age 18 or 19 |
| clique | a group of adolescents made up of close friends were loyal to one another while excluding Outsiders |
| crowd | a large group of adolescents who have something in common but who are not necessarily friends |
| the sequence of male- female relationships during childhood and Adolescence | group of friends, exclusively one sex or the other a loose Association of girls and boys with public interactions within a crowd small mixed sex groups of the advanced members of the crowd formation of couples with private entities |
| sexual orientation | a term that refers to whether a person is sexually and romantically attracted to others of the same sex, the opposite sex or both sexes |
| child sexual abuse | any erotic activity that arouses an adult and excites, shames, or confuses a child, whether or not the victim protest and whether or not genital contact is involved |
| sexually transmitted infection ( STI) | an infection spread by sexual contact, include syphilis, gonorrhea, genital herpes, chlamydia, and HIV |
| clinical depression | feelings of hopelessness, lethargy, and worthlessness that last 2 weeks or more |
| Rumination | repeated thinking and talking about past experiences; can contribute to depression |
| suicidal ideation | thinking about suicide, usually with some serious emotional and intellectual or cognitive overtones |
| parasuicide: | any potential lethal action against the self that does not result in death |
| cluster suicides | several suicides committed by members of a group within a brief. |
| early Behavior patterns of delinquency, three Pathways can be seen | stubbornness can lead to Defiance, which can lead to Running Away, runaways are often victims as well as criminals ( IE prostitutes, Petty thieves) shoplifting can lead to arson and burglary bullying can lead to assault, rape, and murder |
| Generational forgetting | the idea that each new generation forgets what the previous generation learned. As used here, the term refers to knowledge about the harm drugs can do |
| Enteric nervous system | relies around gut, for feeding and excretion, but there seems to be activation in enteric system when we make decisions, do gut feelings really have to do with this system -notions of past experience, flight or fight situation |
| guided participation: | The process by which people learn from others who guide their experiences and explorations. |
| scaffolding | Temporary support that is tailored to a learner’s needs and abilities and aimed at helping the learner master the next task in a given learning process. |
| Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): | In sociocultural theory, a metaphorical area, surrounding a learner that includes all the skills, knowledge, and concepts that the person is close to acquiring but cannot yet master without help. |
| self concept | which is how they perceive themselves including intelligence, personality, abilities, gender, and ethnic background |
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KatrinaT
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