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Gender and Rhetoric
SCU Class Final Exam Prep
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Institutions | Social, persist across time and space, have distinct social practices that are repeated, constrain and facilitate behavior, designate social positions characterized by expectations and norms, are constituted by people, are internalized as part of people |
| Institutions: | Are amorphous, Are large and pervasive, Are interdependent, Normalize rules and values, Change constantly and embrace contradictory norms and values |
| Institutionalized Discrimination: | Maintained through complex sets of social institutions that interact with, structure, and influence individuals beliefs and prejudices. Difficult to locate responsibility and intent |
| Cultural Ideology | idea, values, beliefs, perceptions, and understandings that are known to members of a society and that guide their behaviors – social institutions |
| Cultural hegemony | process through which the interests of a dominant group become dominant by establishing their beliefs as common sense |
| Hegemonic or ruling ideology | social control exercised through control of ideas – idea seen as common sense |
| Institutionalized Violence | Occurs when overt and subtle forms of violence become normalized as a result of institutionalized rules and norms |
| Gender roles | feminine and masculine social expectations in a family based on a person’s sex. Females are expected to be caretaker, males are expected to be leader. |
| Gender role socialization | takes place within families via parental modeling and parent-child interaction |
| Gender social script | rules that people carry around in their heads about what they and others ought to be like as men and women |
| Nuclear family | two parents and biological children, male as breadwinner and female as homemaker (never statistically dominant) |
| True womanhood | model of pure, pious, domestic, and submissive |
| Family values | political and cultural term based on presumption of nuclear family |
| Second shift | housework imbalance, women work both outside and (still) carry load of majority of housework load |
| Compulsory heterosexuality | the assumption that there is only one right romantic relationship and family structure |
| Social learning and modeling | often unconscious, children internalize behaviors and are rewarded for following them |
| Social accountability | as people construct their own and other’s gendered identities, they make a conscious effort to do so in ways that are more socially acceptable |
| Militant motherhood | mother uses assertive, even aggressive modes of parenting; often confront children’s bullies, but also train their children to do so if they are threatened |
| by age of 2-3 | Children comprehend/form their gender identity |
| Heteronormativity | cultural assumption that everyone is heterosexual |
| Emancipatory families | variety of family forms that provide safe haven where members feel loved, accepted, and are able to grow to fullest potential |
| Hidden Curriculum | Norms, values, and beliefs as a byproduct of education that people often fail to question |
| Title Nine | 1972 – illegal for federally funded schools to discriminate on the basis of sex (must offer comparable athletic opportunities for men and women) |
| Epistemology | Nature of knowing, how knowledge is constituted, all knowledge is constructed |
| Feminist epistemology | Rejects rigid disciplinary boundaries, Recognizes differences between insider and outsider views, Recognizes bias, Embraces collective rather than hierarchal control of learning, Includes researchers values and perspectives as part of research |
| Emancipatory Education | Education practices that seek to challenge accepted categories, unexamined norms, and repressive practices |
| Gender sensitive model | individual approach |
| Gender relevant | makes the gendered dimensions of social life and education part of the discussion |
| Connected teaching | connect topics to learner’s individual life experiences |
| Pay Equity | Intersectional Economics |
| Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009) | Pay Equity |
| Off-ramping | supposed revolution of women leaving careers to stay home with children |
| “working mother” while absence of “working father” | general lack of vocabulary to talk about work and home balance for both |
| Puritan value of work | work outside home is greatest measure of good, worth |
| Gendering of organization | inherency of male (breadwinner, with stay at home wife) worker |
| Critical organization perspective | examine organizations as cultures in which identities and power relationships are produced, maintained, transformed, and reproduced through ongoing communications |
| Othermothers or fictive kin | in order to balance dilemma, minority women craft communities of support |
| Sex segregation of work | what is paid and what is unpaid – further, race segregation – black women often in care positions |
| Masculinity as norm in organizational processes | Ultimately point to need to make organizations more democratic and humane |
| Girl-watching | sexual harassment of women by men, though seen as play and form o fentertainment – mechanism of gender norming power imbalance |
| Closer examination of sexual harassment and girl watching reveals | it to serve the larger patriarchal structure – women as objects and men as agents/subjects |
| Cultural Institutionalization of Christianity | Calendar – which holidays are included and which are not? |
| Religion and Masculinity | Positioned against domestic angel ideology |
| Muscular Christianity | Association between physical strength, religious virtue, and ability to shape and control world around oneself, Emerged in England in 1850’s, Surged in US in post WWII to reaffirm masculinity when it had been challenged nationally in war and domestically |
| Masculinity performed many ways | In watching sports, In engaging in sports, In engaging in sport culture (dress, language, iconicity, public discourse) |
| Religion as Liberation | Pre Civil Rights Leaders born out of AA churches, Churches as means through which Civil Rights workers reached broader audience |
| Veiling as contemporary conversation about role of religion and women | Current conversation around Burqa, Historically and currently consider veiling in Christianity, Ultimately veiling is complex and carries multiple meanings |
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