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Psychology 10
Chapter 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Social psychology | The branch of psychology that studies how we think and behave in social situations. |
| Social cognition | The area of social psychology that deals with the ways in which we think about other people and ourselves. |
| Social influence | Pressures placed on us by others to change our behavior or our beliefs or both. |
| Attitudes | Evaluative judgement that integrate what we know and how we feel about people, places or things. |
| Cognitive consistency | The idea that we strive to have attitudes and behaviors that do not contradict one another. |
| Cognitive dissonance theory | A theory that predicts that we will be motivated to change or attitudes or our behaviors or both to the extent that they cause us to feel dissonance, an uncomfortable physical state. |
| Persuasion | A type of social influence in which someone tries to change our attitudes. |
| Central route to persuasion | A style of thinking in which the person carefully and critically evaluates persuasive arguments and generates counterarguments; the central route requires motivation and available cognitive resources. |
| Peripheral route to persuasion | A style of thinking in which the person does not carefully and critically evaluate persuasive arguments or generate counterarguments; the peripheral route ensues when one lacks motivation or available cognitive resources or both. |
| Impression formation | The way that we understand and make judgments about others. |
| Attribution | The act of assigning cause to behavior. |
| Trait attribution | An attribution that assigns the cause of a behavior to the traits and characteristics of the person being judged. |
| Situational attribution | An attribution that assigns the cause of a behavior to some characteristics of the situation or environment in which the behavior occurs. |
| Fundamental attribution error | Our tendency to overuse trait information when making attributions about others. |
| Individualistic culture | A culture, like many Western cultures, in which the individual accomplishments are valued over group accomplishments. |
| Colllectivistic culture | A culture, like many Asian cultures, in which group accomplishments are valued over individual accomplishments. |
| Actor/observer bias | Our tendency to make fundamental attribution error when judging others, while being less likely to do so when making attributions about ourselves. |
| Self-serving bias | Our tendency to make attributions that preserve our own self-esteem; for example, making trait attributions for our successes and situational attributions for our failures. |
| Stereotype | A schema for a particular group of people. |
| Prejudice | A largely negative stereotype that is unfairly applied to all members of a group regardless of their individual characteristics. |
| Discrimination | The behavioral expression of a prejudice. |
| Aversive racism | A proposed form of subtle racism in which European Americans feel aversive emotions around African Americans, which may lead European Americans to discriminate against African Americans. |
| Stereotype threat | A phenomenon in which fears of being discriminated against elicit stereotype-confirming behaviors. |
| In-group bias | Our tendency to favor people who belong to the same groups that we do. |
| Out-group | A group that is distinct from one's own and so usually an object of more hostility or unlike than one's in-group. |
| Out-group homogeneity bias | Our tendency to see out-group members as being all alike. |
| Realistic-conflict theory | The theory that prejudice stems from competition for scarce resources. |
| Scapegoat | An out-group that is blamed for many of society's problems. |
| Contact hypothesis | The theory that contact between groups is an effective means of reducing prejudice between them. |
| Superordinate goal | A goal that is shared by different groups. |
| Proximity | Geographical closeness. |
| Balance theory | The theory that when we are attracted to people who do not share our attitudes, we feel dissonance which motivates us to change in some way to reduce this dissonance. |
| Matching hypothesis | The theory that we are attracted to people whose level of physical attractiveness is similar to our own. |
| Norm | An unwritten rule or expectation for how group members should behave. |
| Cohesiveness | The degree to which members of a group value their group membership; cohesive groups are tight-knit groups. |
| Conformity | Behaving in accordance with group norms. |
| Normative conformity | Conformity that occurs when group members change their behaviors to meet group norms, but are not persuaded to change their beliefs and attitudes. |
| Informational conformity | Conformity that occurs when conformity pressures actually persuade group members to adopt new beliefs or attitudes or both. |
| Deindividuation | A state in which a person's behavior becomes controlled more by external norms than by the person's own internal values and morals. |
| Social facilitation | Performing better on a task in the presence of others than you would if you were alone. |
| Social loafing | When group members exert less effort on a group task than they would if they were performing the task alone. |
| Groupthink | A situation in which a group fixates on one decision, and members blindly assume that it is the right decision. |
| Compliance | Yielding to a simple request. |
| Obedience | Yielding to a demand. |
| Foot-in-the-door compliance | Increasing compliance by first asking people to give in to a small request, which then paves the way for compliance with a larger request. |
| Door-in-the-face compliance | Increasing compliance by first asking people to give in to a very large request and then, after they refuse, asking them to give in to a smaller request. |
| Reciprocity | A string norm that states that we should treat others as they treat us. |
| Slippery slope | The use of foot-in-the-door compliance in an obedience situation to get people to obey increasing demands. |
| Psychological distance | The degree to which one can disassociate oneself from the consequences of one's actions. |
| Destructive obedience | Obedience to immoral, unethical demands that cause harm to others. |
| Debriefing | After an experiment, participants are fully informed of the nature of the study. |
| Instrumental aggression | Aggression used to facilitate the attainment of one's goals. |
| Hostile aggression | Aggression that is meant to cause harm to others. |
| Frustration-aggression hypothesis | The idea that frustration causes aggressive behavior. |
| Altruism | Helping another without being motivated by self-gain. |
| Helping behavior | Another term for altruism. |
| Bystander effect | The idea that the more witnesses there are to an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to offer help. |
| Diffusion of responsibility | The idea that responsibility for taking action is diffused across all the people witnessing an event. |
| Pluralistic ignorance | The idea that we use the behavior of others to help determine whether a situation is really an emergency requiring our help; if no one else is helping, we may conclude that help isn't needed. |
Created by:
cpruett8
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