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PRE1 Chap 40
Vascular Imaging
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define angiography | imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels with particular interest in the arteries, veins, and the heart chambers. |
| define guide wire | device that allows safe introduction of the catheter into a vessel intraveiniously in IR procedures |
| what is the most common place for arterial access | common femoral artery |
| what is guide wire made out of | Stainless steal |
| what are the three main types of rapid sequence filming devices | roll film changer cut film changer cineangiographic |
| what is the cineangiographic | resembles a movie camera replaced the TV camera tube |
| cineangiographic 3 important components | automatic brightness control (ABC) beam splitting mirror cine camera |
| what is the automatic brightness control (ABC) | used to compensate beam quality or quantity for differences in anatomic thickness or density by adjusting kVp or Ma or both |
| what is beam splitting mirror | permitting simultaneous filming and viewing during the procedure. mirror directs 10% of the image to the television and 90% to the cine camera |
| what is the cine camera | resembles a movie camera and complexed device that allowed filming of cineangiographic images |
| exposure in the cine camera could be made from where | the action of the shutters or the action of the X-ray beam |
| what is the benifit to digital image acquisition | reduced pt dose and increased resolution of the image as well as reduction in cost |
| what kind of generator is used | hight frequency multiphase or three phase wit h12 pulse per second |
| why is high frequency the choice for vascular imaging | allow for high mA stations usually 800-1000 mA and low kVp usually 50 -100 kVp |
| high mA station with low kVp will improve OR degrade visibility of the constant media against surrounding soft tissue | improve |
| what is the difference in vascular imaging x ray tubes as opposed to general X-ray imaging tubes | ability to withstand high amounts of heat |
| where does heat production occur | at the anode |
| Image intensifier can either be _____ or ________ | analog or digital |
| what does a analog image intensifier require | the use of charge coupled device CCDs and an analog to digital converter to produce the digital image |
| what is the last part of the digital image acquisition system | image processor |
| digital image acquisition system consists of what | image processing hardware and a computer |
| what are the modes of digital image acquisition | digital angiography (DA) digital subtraction angiography (DSA) digital cineradiography (cine) |
| what is digital angiography (DA) | involves the production of one image, similar to the last hold in fluoro used to check placement |
| digital angiography (DA) is also know as | spot film devices |
| what is digital subtraction angiography (DSA) | involves elimination bone and soft tissue from the image so that only contrast filled vessels remain |
| what is digital cineradiography (cine) | primary used for cardiac catheterization numerous exposures are taken know as frames are taken per second |
| what is the exposure rate for digital cineradiography (cine) | 15,30,60 frames per second |
| what does high frame rates offer in vascular imaging that is not in general fluoro | high resolution |
| what is window level | adjusts density |
| what is window width | adjusts contrast or brightness |
| what is annotation | allows user to mark L and R sides |
| what is pixel shifting | when pt moves from the mask image to the injection image this allows the user to correspond with the pt movement |
| what is edge enhancement | used to accentuate the edges of the vessel or small structure so they can be seen |
| can to much edge enhancement be bad | yes, to much can cause distortion to the image |
| what is view tracing | combining numerous frames into one image to demonstrate a completely filled contrast structure |
| what is the most important feature on the c arm assembly | the relationship of the X-ray tube and image intensifier |
| why is the design of the X-ray tube and image intensifier so important | because the CR of the x ray tube is always perpendicular to the Image intensifier and at right angles to the body part |
| a typical c arm assembly consists of 4 parts name them | x ray tube, the image intensifier the gantry and the point of attachment |
| what does a contrast media device allow for that would be difficult to inject by hand | large bolus injections |
| what are the components of digital image acquisition | x ray tube generator image intensifier image processor |
| what are precautions when contrast media is used on a pt | pt must be monitored (EKG and 02 station) crash cart ready pt stay mobile for a few hours vitals monitored |
| what did Seldinger invent | method w/ catheter and guide wire in 1953 |
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