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IM, Anti-Infla
Pharma Test1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Salicylates - Pharmacotherapeutics | antipyretic, anti-inflammatory & antirhumatic benefits |
| Salicylates - Class / Drugs | anti-inflammatory~ASA (Asprin) |
| Salicylates - Toxicity | Gastrointestinal intoleranceIncreased bleeding time (anticoagulant)Renal Impairment (long-term use) |
| Salicylates - S/S Salicylate Toxicity | (CNS) Tinnitus, hearing loss, dimness of vision, headache, dizziness, mental confusion, lassitude & drowsiness(Meta) Hyperventilation, sweating, thirst(GI) N/V/D(CV) Tachycardia, bleeding |
| Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID)Pharmacodynamics | Prostaglandin inhibitors that relieve pain and inflammation by blocking an early step in the inflammatory reaction process |
| Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID)Pharmacotherapeutics | goutvarious bone, joint, and muscle painosteoarthritis [OA]rheumatoid arthritis [RA]juvenile rheumatoid arthritisdysmenorrhea |
| Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID)Class / Drugs | anti-inflammatoryibuprofen (Motrin, Advil),indomethacin (Indocin), diclofenac sodium (Voltaren) |
| Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID)Major Adverse Effects | (GI) dyspepsia, heartburn, epigastric distressGI bleeding mucosal lesions, erosions or ulcerations(Renal) reductions in creatinine clearanceacute tubular necrosisrenal failure(CV) moderate to severe CHFnon-cardiogenic pulmonary edema |
| Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAID)Nursing Implications for Salicylates and NSAID’s | Take medications with food or a full glass of water Teach that anti-inflammatory effects my not take affect for 2-4 weeks (NSAID’s)Monitor for GI complications (tarry stools)Avoid giving to children with viral infections (ASA)No overdose |
| Steroids (Corticosteroids) Class / Drugs | anti-inflammatory-one~dexamethasone (Decadron), cortisone acetate (Cortone; Acetate), prednisone (Deltasone), hydrocortisone (Cortef), hydrocortone (Solu-Medrol), methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol) |
| Steroids (Corticosteroids) Pharmacodynamics | Anti-Inflammatory (suppresses the development of inflammatory symptoms)Maintenance of normal B/PCHO & Protein Metabolism |
| Steroids (Corticosteroids) Pharmacotherapeutics | Associated with the reduction of inflammationUsed systemically or for special conditions (asthma; RA; OA, etc) |
| Steroids (Corticosteroids) Adverse Effects | S/S of Cushing’s Syndrome (“Moon Face”); Muscle weakness; Increased ICP; Weight gain |
| Steroids (Corticosteroids) Nursing Care 1 | Monitor for GI disturbances; fluid retention; hypertension; GI bleedingMonitor for possible Adrenal Crisis: hypotension, restlessness, weakness, lethargy, headache, dehydration, N/V/DMonitor for CV changes |
| Steroids (Corticosteroids) Nursing Care 2 | Monitor for endocrine variations (Hyperglycemia; growth suppression)Protect patient from infection; altered response in healingAdminister drugs early AM |
| Steroids (Corticosteroids) Nursing Care 3 | Teach patient about importance of gradual withdrawal (to avoid sudden drop in cortisone levels – Adrenal Crisis – a medical emergency)Teach patient about multiple drug interactions |
| Zyloprim Class | Anti-Gout Drugsallupurinol (Zyloprim), |
| Colchicine Class | Anti-Gout Drugs colchicine, probenecid (Benemid) |
| Zyloprim Adverse Effects | agranulocytosis; aplastic anemia; GI upset; drowsiness; skin rash |
| Colchicine Adverse Effects | GI upset; bone marrow depression; skin rash; extravasation (IV route) |
| Zyloprim Nursing Care | Monitor CBC, H & HForce fluids (if not contraindicated)-at least 2L/dayD/C at first sign of rashGive with meals or immediately after to avoid GI problems |
| Colchicine Nursing Care | Monitor CBC, H&HDo not give IM or SQGive with meals or immediately after to avoid GI problemsDuring acute attack, administer q1hr until pain relief occurs |
| Immunosuppressants Pharmacodynamics | Agents that decrease or prevent an immune response and suppress the immune system |
| Immunosuppressants Pharmacotherapeutics | Agents play a major role in the prevention of rejection of transplanted organs and in treatment of some autoimmune diseases |
| Immunosuppressants Toxicology (Adverse Effects) | Bone marrow suppression, blood dyscrasias, hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, GI upset |
| Immunosuppressants Nursing Implications | Monitor for s/s of rejection and infectionMonitor for S/S adverse effectsTeach patient to take meds with food to minimize GI upsetUse oral form of drug whenever possible to avoid IM injectionsMonitor hematological and kidney function studies |
| Immunosuppressants Class / Drugs | ImmunosuppressantMajor Agents / PrototypesCyclosporine (Sandimmune; Neoral)Other Immunosuppressants: Imuran; Orthoclone; RampamuneAdditional Agents corticosteroids (Prednisone), methotrexate; cyclophosphamide |
| Immunostimulants Class / Drugs | Biological Response ModifiersInterferons ~interferon (Avonex; Betaseron; Actimmune)Interleukins ~interleukin-2 -kins(Aldesleukin; Proleukin), oprelvekin (Neumega) |
| Immunostimulants Pharmacodynamics | Regulation or augmentation of immune systemCytoxic or cytostatic activity directed towards cancer cellsInhibition of metastases; prevention of cell division; inhibition of cell maturation |
| Immunostimulants Pharmacotherapeutics | restores/modifies the host’s defense against the tumoragents directly toxic to the tumormodifies the tumor’s biology |
| Immunostimulants Toxicology (Adverse Effects)1 | General: “flu-like” symptoms**(CV) Tachycardia; Cyanosis; EKG changes; Orthostatic Hypotension(CNS) mild confusion; irritability; poor concentration; seizures |
| Immunostimulants Toxicology (Adverse Effects)2 | (GI) N/V/D; anorexia; taste alterations; dry mouth(Hematopoietic) neutropenia; thrombocytopenia(Renal/Hepatic) increased BUN, creatinine, proteinuria; liver function tests |
| Immunostimulants Nursing Implications | Observe for drug interactions:Corticosteroids, lithium; antineoplastic agents ; aminoglycosides; antihypertensives; opioid analgesics; NSAID’s; sedatives & hypnoticsMonitor for s/s of ineffective therapy (infection) |
| Immunostimulants Teaching 1 | Fatigue is a common side effect for both types of agentsTeach patients to avoid hazardous tasks due to CNS changesTeach patients to report s/s of infection and/or adverse effects to physician immediately |
| Immunostimulants Teaching 2 | Bone-pain and flu-like symptoms often occur. Tylenol is recommended analgesic |
| Hematopoietic Agents Class / Drug | Biological Response Modifiers Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSF), epoetin alfa (Epogen; Procrit), filgrastim (Nupogen), sargramostin (Leukine) |
| Hematopoietic Agents Pharmacodymamics | Regulate growth, differentiation, and function of bone marrow stem cells; Used to enhance blood cell formation (WBC’s; RBC; Platelets) |
| Hematopoietic Agents Pharmacotherapeutics | Adjunct agent to chemotherapyReduce incidence and duration of infectionsDecrease bone marrow destructionEnhancement of immune system cells |
| Hematopoietic Agents General Adverse Effects | Most common: mild fever; muscle aches; bone pain; flushing(Hemo) Increased blood viscosity(GI) Anorexia; N/V/D(Integumentary) Alopecia; rash(Resp) Cough, dyspnea; sore throat(Other) Blood dyscrasias; headache |
| Hematopoietic Agents Nursing Implications | Administer accurately and via the correct routeObserve for therapeutic effects increased RBC, Hgb, Hct; normal to near-normal platelets; increased energy, weight gain, lack of infectionsContraindicated for patients with htn or increased bld vescosity |
| Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics | Inhibition of cell wall synthesisAlteration of cell wall permeabilityInhibition of protein synthesisInhibition of nucleic acid synthesis |
| Antimicrobial Common Adverse Effect | Direct toxic effectAllergenic (hypersensitivity)Super infection – excessive use of antibiotics.. (ie yeast infections..)G.I. Upset (N/V/D) |
| Antimicrobial Administration Guidelines | Obtain C & S before starting therapyGive at regular intervals (Example: QID = 6 hour intervals)s/s of super infections/s blood dyscrasias (Hematology)s/s of liver or renal complications (BUN; Creatine; Liver enzymes) |
| Penecillins and Cephalosporins Pharmacotherapeutics | Considered “First-line therapy” |
| Penecillins and Cephalosporins Drug / Class | Antimicrobial -illinNatural Penicillin: Penicillin-G; Penicillin-VAnti-staphlococcal Penicillins: methacillin, Broad Spectrum: ampicillinAnti-pseudomonial Penicillins: carbenicillin |
| Penecillins and Cephalosporins Drug / Class | Antimicrobial -kef; cef1st Generation – Gram Positive cephalixin (Keflex)2nd Generation – Gram Negative (Intermediate) cefoxitin (Mefoxin)3rd Generation - Gram Negative (Intermediate) ceftazine (Fortaz)4th Generation – cefepime (Maxipime) |
| Penecillins and Cephalosporins Major Adverse Effects | Cross sensitivity – cephalosporins to penicillins G.I Upset (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) Nephrotoxic; Hepatotoxic; bone marrow suppression; Hypersensitivity reaction |
| Penecillins and Cephalosporins Nursing Implications | Assess for penicillin allergies Give drugs 1 hour before or 2 hrs after meals Stagger IV’s with other antibiotics at least 1 hr apart to avoid interaction Monitor for drug interactions Assess IV site for thrombophlebitis |
| Aminoglycosides Drug / Class | -(mycin) Gentamycin & streptomycin |
| Aminoglycosides Pharmacotherapeutics | Used to treat serious Gram negative infections (E. Coli; Klebsiella; Pseudomonas; aeruginosa; Tuberculosis) |
| Aminoglycosides Major Adverse Effects | Ototoxicity Nephrotoxic, heptatotoxic, neuromuscular blockade |
| Aminoglycosides Nursing Implications | Monitor for hearing loss (ringing in ears) and balance Monitor renal function studies (BUN; Creatinine) Monitor I & O Observe for headache, lethargy, tremors, paresthesia Monitor peaks and troughs drug levels |
| Tetracyclines Drug / Class | (cycline, cline) tetracycline (Achromycin) |
| Tetracyclines Pharmacotherapeutics | Bacteriostatic; used to treat several organisms: (Rickettsial infections; Chlamydia; Mycoplasma) |
| Tetracyclines Major Adverse Effects | Photosentivity* GI upset; graying oftooth enamel; hypoplasia of the gums; Hepatotoxic hypoplasia of the gums |
| Tetracyclines Nursing Implications | avoid direct sunlight a decrease in effectiveness of oral contraceptives Avoid milk and cheese products Do not give during last trimester of pregnancy; lactating patients, or children < 8ys old |
| Sulfonamides Drug / Class | “sulfa” or “gant” sulfisoxazole (Gantrisin) |
| Sulfonamides Pharmacotherapeutics | Bacteriostatic; used to treat UTI’s and GU infections; mild to moderate ulcerative colitis & Crohn’s disease May also be used in the treatment of burns; Opthalmic infections |
| Sulfonamides Major Adverse Effects | Photosentivity* blood dyscrasias GI upset; nephrotoxic; dermatological |
| Sulfonamides Nursing Implications | Monitor for hypersensitivity (rash; fever) Monitor I & O; Kidney function Check urine for pH Monitor for blood dyscrasias Teach patient to avoid direct sunlight Do not give to patients who are allergic to salicylates |
| Erythromycins Drug / Class | erythromycin (EES) Treat just like the aminoglycocytes.. |
| Erythromycins Pharmacotherapeutics | Bacteriostatic; used to treat Legionnaire’s Disease; Chamydial infections; Mycoplasma infections; Borrelia; Haemophilus Influenzae; Helicobacter pylori; Mycobacterium Avium |
| Erythromycins Nursing Care/Adverse Effects | Give on an empty stomach with full glass of water Avoid the use of acids (citrus fruits, etc) GI irritation; interaction with aminoglycosides; nephrotoxic Monitor liver function studies Monitor IV site for thrombophlebitis |
| Quinolones (FluoroQuinolones) Drug / Class | ciprofloxacin (Cipro) Put them on Cipro if have penecillin allergy. |
| Quinolones (FluoroQuinolones) Pharmacotherapeutics | Bacteriocidal; Effective against gram negative bacteria including pseudomonas; UTI’s and some gram positive organisms |
| Quinolones (FluoroQuinolones)Major Adverse Effects/Nursing Care | CNS irritation; hypersensitivity; GI upset Give on empty stomach with full glass of water; Avoid milk and yogurt; encourage cranberry juice |
| Quinolones (FluoroQuinolones) Contraindications | Tetracyclines & Quinolones “2 QT’s say no to OBs” |
| Misc. ~Vancomycin | ~Vancomycin (Vancocin) Reserved for severe infections |
| Misc. ~Vancomycin Major adverse Effects | (similar to aminoglycosides) Hepatotoxic; Nephrotoxic; Ototoxic; |
| Antiviral Drug / Class | Herpes Simplex 1, 2 & Herpes Zoster (Zovirax; Famivir) Influenza Type A (Symmetrel; Flumadine) CMV in Immunocompromised Persons (Cytovene; Foscavir; Vistide) |
| Antiviral Pharmacotherapeutics | Used to treat: Herpes Zoster, Herpes Simplex 1 & 2, Influenza Type A, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in immunocompromised patients |
| Antiviral Pharmacodynamics | Kill viruses by inhibiting their ability to replicate through several mechanisms: interfere with viral nucleic acid synthesis prevent virus from binding with cell stimulate body’s immune system to kill the virus |
| Antiretroviral Drug / Class | (vir) HIV/AIDS: ~ Retrovir, AZT; delaviridune (Rescriptor); adefovir (Preveon) **See PTT (3 Antibiotics) for more agents (prototypes) & their breakdowns (ie Nucleoside, Protese Inhibit)*** Make up majority of drugs |
| Antiretroviral Pharmacotherapeutics | Indicated for the treatment of HIV and HIV related infections in patients with AIDS or ARC and some gram-negative bacteria |
| Antiretroviral Pharmacodynamics | Designed to decrease the viral load and delay immunologic decline; inhibition of viral replication related to HIV Agents do not cure; only control symptoms |
| Antiretroviral Adverse Effects | bone marrow suppression; blood dyscrasias; headache; malaise; neuropathy; GI upset; hepatotoxicity; nephrotoxicity |
| Antiretroviral Nursing Care | Monitor lab values frequently (Hematological; Liver; Kidney) Monitor for s/s of infection; (avoiding crowds); possible complications Encourage diets that are high in protein Teach patient about multiple drug interactions (OTC and RX) |
Created by:
d4w751
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