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GTCC Bio 163 Exam 4

Urinary, Reproduction, Acid Bases and Buffers

Question	Answer
Male Function	Produce Sperm and make sex hormones
Male also store	Sperm
The sperm need to be ejaculated into the	Female
Female produce what	oocytes and make female sex hormones
Females receive Sperm from	Male
The female sustain what for the fetus	Development and nourishment
Scrotum	Sac like structure located on the outside
Scrotum contains	Testes
Cremastor and Dartos Muscles help regulate the Testes in what ways	Temperature regulation can contract or release to keep testes slightly below Body Temperature
Seminiferous Tubules are where	Testes
Seminiferous Tubules are the site for	Sperm Production
Testes make	Gonads
A germ cell in the Testes will become	Sperm
Interstitial cells will become	Testosterone
Sertoli cells function	Nourish Developing Sperm
Sertoli Cells can also be called	Nurse Cells
Meiosis is in the process of what in the Male Reproductive	Spermatogenesis
46 chromosomes are reduced to by what process	23 by Meiosis
Meiosis makes in the end	4 unique Sperm
Sperm Head contains	Acrosome-Enzymes Genetic Information
Body	Mid-Piece contains Mitochondria
Tail contains	Flagella - whiplike Swimming
In the head of the Sperm they contain ____ to help fertilization	Enzymes
Epididymis is where Sperm _____	Matures and is stored
If not ejaculated out then what happens to Sperm	It would be reabsorbed in the tail of the Epididymis
Carries Sperm from Epididymis to Ejaculatory Duct	Vas Deferens
Urethra	Carries Sperm from a duct to outside also carries Urine
Penis	Organ of intercourse when erect
What are the 3 glands that nourish and fuel the Sperm	Seminal Vesicle Prostate Gland Bulbourethral Gland
Seminal Vesicle	Nutrient Alkaline Solution
Prostate Gland Prostatic Solution	Nutrient
Bulbourethral Gland	Lubricant Solution
Semen	Sperm and Seminal Fluid ( Fluid from glands)
Male Hormones	LH FSH TESTOSTERONE
LH stimulates what	testosterone production
FSH stimulates what	Spermatogenesis
Testosterone stimulates what	Spermatogenesis and Secondary Sex characteristics
Hormones are regulated by what two systems	Neg and Positive Feedback System
Meiosis makes what kind of cells at the end	Haploid cells
Start out as what kind of cell in the Meiosis process	Diploid Cell
Haploid	1 set of chromosomes
Which Male Hormones are in the Anterior Pituitary	LH and FSH
Which Hormone is from the Testes	Testosterone
What are the Male Secondary Sex Characteristics	Increase.. Body hair enlarged sex organ voice drops skin thickens increase muscle growth Bone Strengthening Sperm Production
When the Voice Drops what is changing in that process	Changes in the Vocal Cords and Larynx
The Male Sex Behaivor has what three processes	Erection Emission Ejaculation
When the penis fills with blood	Erection
Movement of Semen into the Urethra	Emission
Exit of Semen from body during orgasm	Ejaculation
When the Female Reproduction System uses their chromosomes for the egg what is that process	Meiosis
The process of making an egg a month is	Oogenesis
Meiosis in the Female Reproductive System has what result	1 unique oocyte produced not 4 like the male
oocyte is considered	Female Gamete
What are the accessory organs of the Female Reproductive System	Fallopian Tubes Fimbriae Uterus Cervix Vagina
External Genitalia for the Female reproductive System	Labia Majora Labia Minora Clitoris Vestibule
Fallopian Tubes are the site of	Fertilization
Fertilization is	Sperm (23) and oocyte (23) equal one Zygote
Zygote is	when you have both chromosomes from Male and Female Reproductive System
Fimbriae	Fingers Sweep over the ovary and have to accept the released egg into the tube
What structure is in the Fallopian Tubes that help the egg move along toward the Uterus	Cilia
When pregnancy or implantation occurs outside of the Uterus	Ectopic Pregnancy
Uterus is another name for what	Womb
Where is the site of implantation and for fetal encouragement	Uterus
What are the layers of the Uterus	Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium
Endometrium has how many layers	2
Name the two layers in the Endometrium	Basal Layer Stratum Functionalis
What layer is shed during menstruation	Stratum Functionalis
The Endometrium is the what layer of the Uterus	Inner layer
What is considered the neck of the Uterus	Cervix
What is the lowest portion of the Uterus	Cervix
Vagina is also called the	Birth Canal
Vagina is the exit for the	Menstrual Flow
What is the sexual intercourse organ	Vagina
What is the External Genitalia for the Female Reproductive System	Vulva
Thick fold with Hair on it describes	Labia Majora
Thin fold with Sebaceous glands inside	Labia Minora
Source of Sexual Stimulation for the Female Reproductive System	Clitoris
Analogous to the Penis	Clitoris
What tissue is the Clitoris	Erectile Tissue
Vestibule	Space enclosed by labia minora Entry way
Lubrication and Orgasm facilitates movement of semen _______ and _______ into the Female Duct	into and up
What is the first step in the Follicle Maturation and Ovulation in Ovaries	Primary Follicles contain oocyte and begin producing Estrogen and Progesterone
What is the 2nd step in the Follicle Maturation and Ovulation in Ovaries	Secondary Follicles contain oocyte and produce sex hormones Estrogen and some Progesterone
What is the 3rd step in the Follicle Maturation and Ovulation in Ovaries	Graafian Follicle develops contain also Estrogen and Progesterone
What is the 4th step in the Follicle Maturation and Ovulation in Ovaries	Ovulation occurs and the oocyte is released
What is the 5th step in the Follicle Maturation and Ovulation in Ovaries	If no fertilization occurs the Corpus luteum degenerates into Corpus Albicans
Corpus Luteum is in the	Ovary
Corpus Luteum still produces	Estrogen and Progesterone
Corpus Albicans form what	scar on the ovary
The Corpus Albicans contains no what	Hormones
Eggs women are born with and have all their life are called	Primordial Follicles
Hormone in the Male that stimulates the release of Testosterone is	LH
LH in Females stimulate what	Ovulation
Where does the sperm go after the Vas Deferens	Ejaculatory Ducts
Lubricating fluid in the Male	Bulbourethral gland
Fluid that helps regulate the PH in Males	Prostate Gland
What fluid help regulate the PH and give Nutrients in Males	Seminal Vesicle
Sperm Mature and stores sperm until release	Epididymis
Corpus Luteum degenerates into to form	Corpus Albicans
What Hormones stimulate the follicles to begin to enlarge in Females	FSH
Follicles in the women produce what hormone:	Estrogen
Endometrium begins to thicken what hormones causes this:	Estrogen
The release of _________ causes Ovulation	Leutinizing Hormone LH
Oocytes released from Ovary	Ovulation
Define Luteal Phase	Corpus Luteum continues secreting Estrogen and Progesterone
Keep FSH and LH low , what hormone is this	Progesterone
what forms and breaks down with no fertilized egg and no estrogen:	Corpus Albicans Endometrium breaks down
Define Menses:	Flow of blood and tissue from Vagina
During Menses do you have Progesterone	No Progesterone
FSH increases what does this regulate	the cycle and for it to repeat
Fertilized egg secretes what	Human Chronic Gonadotropins
What does HCG maintain	The Corpus Luteum
What hormone keeps the Endometrium thick	Estrogen
What hormone keeps FSH and LH Low	Progesterone
Cycle stops due to age is called what	Menopause
chemical digestion	chemical enzymes to break down macro-molecules into building blocks
Physical movement to break down food	Mechanical Digestion
What is the Alimentary Canal	Mouth to Anus
What is the inner layer of the Alimentary Canal	Mucosa Inner Layer ( Mucous Membranes)
What layer is the Submucosa	Outside of Mucosa
What does the Submucosa contain	Nerves , glands, blood and lymphatic vessels
Where is the Muscularis layer of the Alimentary Canal	Outside of Submuscularis
What does the Muscularis layer contain	Smooth Muscle
What layer is the Serosa of the Alimentary Canal	Outer Layer
What does the Serosa contain	Serous Membrane
Cheeks contain muscles for mastication, what is this muscle	Masseter
Contain Receptors for temp and texture ,what is this structure	Lips
Moves food around and tastes food, What is this structure	Tongue
tear and grind food, what is this structure	Teeth
What are the three salivary glands	Parotid Sublingual Submandibular
Function of Saliva	Moisten food and contains salivary amylase enzyme
Salivary Amylase digests what	Carbs
Anterior Roof of the mouth	Hard Palate
Posterior Roof of the mouth	Soft Palate
Soft Palate attaches to what	Uvula
Uvula	Blocks Nasopharynx during swallowing
Connects oral cavity to Esophagus is what structure	Pharynx
What are the three Pharynx's	Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
Epiglottis covers ___________ during swallowing	Larynx
What connects the pharynx to the stomach	Esophagus
Smooth muscle contractions are called	Peristalsis
What structure moves the bolus to the stomach	Esophagus
What structures controls what enters and exits food to and from the stomach	Pyloric Sphincter and L.E.S.
How does the stomach further digest food	churns bolus with secretions
What are 4 Gastric Secretions	Mucus HCL Pepsinogen Intrinsic Factor
Stretching of the stomach by a Bolus triggers ________________ Hormone that stimulates gastric secretions	Gastrin
what secretion protects the stomach from itself	Mucus
HCL is secreted by what kind of cells	Parietal
This secretion mixes with Pepsinogen	HCL
What secretion produces Pepsin and helps digest Proteins	Pepsinogen
What absorbs Vitamin D in the Small Intestine	Intrinsic Factor
What ions are absorbed in the Stomach	H20, Salts, Drugs and alcohol
What are the three parts of the Small Intestine	DJI Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
What part of the small intestine absorbs the most nutrients	Jejunum
What part of the Small Intestine does the Gall Bladder , Pancreas and Liver dump their secretions into	Duodenum
Stretching of the Duodenum triggers __________________	Secretions Peptidases, Lipase, Sucrase, Maltase, and Lactase
What does Peptidase helps digest	Peptides
This Enzyme digests Lipids	Lipase
This Enzyme digests Sucrose	Sucrase
This Enzyme digests Maltose	Maltase
This Enzyme digests Lactose	Lactase
Chyme is moved along the Small Intestine how	Peristalsis
In the small Intestine what feature aides in Reabsorption	Surface areas increases by the presence of Villi Microvilli Long Length Circular Fold
Features used for absorption are	Villi Microvilli Long Length Circular Folds
What kind of ions enter Capillaries	Monosaccharides, amino acids, and small lipids
What kind of Ions enter Lacteals	Large Lipids enter
Mesentery that hold the Small and Large Intestine contain	Blood and Lymph Vessels that transport nutrients away from small intestine
Liver produces what	Bile
Where is the Bile Stored	Gall Bladder
Bile is composed of	Bile Pigments, electrolytes, and cholesterol
What does Bile help to break down	Emulsifies Lipids
Where is the Bile released	Duodenum
Bile responds to what hormone	CCK
Liver has what five functions	Bile Secretion Carb, Protein, and Lipid Metabolism Detoxification of toxins Storage of Iron Blood Filtering
Pancreas releases it's juice into where	Duodenum
What does the pancreas help to digest	Proteins and Carbs
What enzymes does Pancreas Secrete	Pancreatic Amylase Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase
Which enzymes digest Carbs	Amylase
Which enzymes digest Proteins	Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Carboxypeptidase
Lipase digest what in the body	Lipids
Nucleases digest what in the body	Nucleic acids
What is Bicarbonates role in Digestion	Lower P.H. Neutralize Acid
Bicarbonate is released at what time during digestion	Chyme exiting the stomach
Which Enzymes trigger Pancreatic Secretion	CCK and Secretin
What leads from the Small Intestine into the Large Intestine	Ileocecal Sphincter
Ileocecal Sphincter has what function	regulates movement of Chyme into Cecum
Cecum	1st part of the Large Intestine
Attached to the Cecum is what organ	Appendix
What are the parts of the Colon	Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid
Large Intestine has what function	water and salt absorption, mucous production of Microorganismal activity
Feces contains	water and salt and any other undigested material mucus and microoragnisms
Where is Feces stored	Rectum
What stretches and indicates urgency	Rectum
Defication Reflex	Overriden until time and place convenient
Voluntary Impulses that release Feces out of where	Anus
Mass Movement	Occur in the Large Intestine and occurs after a meal. It moves more content toward the Rectum
Chemicals ingested that provide energy and building blocks	Nutrients
Needed in large amounts daily	Carb, Protein, and Fat
How many cal of Carb do we need	4 cal/g
Carbs can be described as what kind of energy	Fast Energy
Example of Carb is	Sugar and Starch
How many cal of Protein do we need	4 cal/g
An example of Proteins are	Meats , Beans, Hormones, and enzymes
How many cal of Fat do we need	9 cal/g
What is an example of Fats	Meats, nuts, used for energy and Hormones
Micro-nutrients	Needed in small amounts daily
Vitamins can be either	Fat soluble or Water Soluble
Example of Fat Soluble Vitamin	K
Example of Water Soluble Vitamin	B
Vitamins act as a	Coenzyme
What are the two types of Minerals	Major and Minor
Minor can also be called	Trace Elements
Malnutrition can deal with 4 factors	Hunger poor food choices obesity eating disorders
Urinary System had what functions	Remove toxins( Blood Wastes) Form , Store, and expel Urine Maintain Blood Homeostasis
Kidneys	Paired Organ located retroperitoneal (Behind)
Forms Urine	Kidneys
Renal Artery and Vein	Supplies and drains blood to and from Kidneys
Renal Cortex	Outer layer
Renal Medulla	Inner Layer
Renal Pelvis	Carries Urine to Ureter
What is the functional unit of the Kidney	Nephron
Blood arrives to the Nephron by the	Afferent Arteriole
Afferent Arteriole can also change what to regulate volume and pressure	Diameter
Efferent Arteriole	carries blood away from the Nephron
Efferent Arteriole leads to what	Peritubular Capillary
Peritubular Capillary	Surrounds the whole Nephron
What happens in the Bownman's Capsule and Glomerulus	Water and Salt and wastes/ Nutrients are filtered here
What is the first part of the Nephron called	Proximal Convoluted Tubule
What happens in the P.C.T	Reabsorbs Nutrients , Salts and Water into the blood
After the P.C.T then it leads where	Descending loop of Henlee
What is happening in the Descending loop of Henlee	Reabsorption of Water in the blood
After the descending loop what is the next section	Ascending Loop of Henlee
What is happening in the ascending loop of Henlee	Reabsorbs Salt back into the Blood
After it goes through the Ascending Loop then what is the next section	Distal Convoluted Tubule
What is happening in the D.C.T.	Secretion of drugs , ammonia, K+ and H+ into Nephron
The D.C.T. determines what	Blood P.H.
After it passes through the D.C.T. then what is the next section	Collection Duct
What is happening in the Collection Duct	The Water and Salts and Wastes exit as Urine
Urine is composed of	Water Electrolytes Nitrogenous Wastes Ammonia Uric Acid Urea
How is the Nephron regulated	Hormones Specific Gravity
What Hormones regulate Urine Production and Composition	ADH Aldosterone
ADH is found where	Posterior Pituitary
ADH Functions how	Water re absorption in Kidneys
Aldosterone functions how	Reabsorbs Salt and Secretes Potassium
Specific Gravity allows us to see what	Level of water we have
What affects the Filtrate rate and pressure by secreting Renin	Juxtaglomerulus Apparatus
Renin	Enzyme from Kidneys Causes Vasoconstriction
Shifing Levels in Pressure can affects what function	Kidney function
Substance that enters the Nephron is called	Filtrate
Build up of Uric Acid Calcium and Phosphate that can cause blockages	Kidney Stones
_______ moves Urine to the Bladder	Peristalsis
Urinary Bladder	Stores Urine
What kind of muscle is on the outside	Detrusor Muscle
What kind of muscle is the detrusor muscle	Smooth muscle in the bladder wall
Carries Urine to the outside	Urethra
Urination reflex	Micturition
How does the Urination reflex work	Bladder stretches with Urine signals of urgency are sent to the brain Reflex is overriden until time and place is convienant.
What kind of impulses release Urine	Voluntary
63 Percent of fluid is in what compartment	Intercellular fluid
37 percent is found in what compartment	Extracellular fluid
What are the 4 sub-compartments that are in the Extracellular fluid	Interstitial fluid Plasma Lymph Transcellular Fluid
Why is Water balance important	because of Osmosis
How do we have Water Input	Beverages Food Metabolism
Water Output is caused by what factors	Sweat Urine Exhaled air Feces
Water regulation Input is felt by what kind of receptors	Osmoreceptors
Osmoreceptors is responsible for	Thirst Mechanism
Output is controlled by what Hormone	ADH
Molecules that release ions Positive or Negative in Water is called what mechanism	Electrolyte Balance
If Potassium is too high in the blood what is stimulated	Aldosterone stimulated from adrenal glands
Aldosterone is secreted from the ____________	Adrenal Glands
Excess Postassium is then secreted into ________	Urine in the DCT
What part of the Nephron loop secretes K into the Urine	Distal Convoluted Tubule
Once Potassium is secreted then it does what to the levels in the blood	Decreases
Acids	Electrolytes that release Hydrogen into Water
Bases	Electrolytes that release OH- into Water
What are sources of Hydrogen in the Body	Anaerobic Respiration( Fermentation) Aerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration gives off	Lactic Acid and requires less energy
Aerobic Respiration gives off what	Carbonic Acid
Breakdown of Lipids	Acidic Ketones
Breakdown of Sulfur containing Proteins	Sulfuric Acid
Breakdown of Phosphate containing proteins	Phosphoric Acid
Normal PH of Blood is	7.4
Alkalosis	Above 7.4
Acidosis	Below 7.4
Acids gain____and lose______	Acids and Bases
Alkalosis gain ______ and lose ______	Bases and Acids
This works best at an optimal temperature	Enzymes
Chemicals that help maintain certain PH	Buffers
Buildup of Acids C02/ Carbonic Acid decrease in rate and depth of breathing: What disorder is this	Respiratory Acidosis
What happens during Respiratory Acidosis	Chemoreceptors increase to stimulate Medulla Oblongata to increase rate and depth of breathing Blockage of Air passage/ constriction which decreases gas exchange
Lose of C02/ Carbonic Acid/ due to: Anxiety/ Hyperventilation/ High Altitude	Respiratory Alkalosis
Builup of Acid can be seen in what diseases	Ketones and Diabetes Mellitus, Kidney Failure, Metabollic Acidosis
Gastric Drainage/ Vomiting with loss of gastric secretion/ prolonged vomitting and diarrhea with a lose of intestinal secretions : Loses______	Bases
Metabollic Alkalosis	Loss of Acids Gain of Bases
Over-Ingestion of Antacids causes a gain of what and what disease	Bases and Respiratory Alkalosis
What are the line of defenses in the Acid -Base Buffer Systems	Chemical Buffer System-1st line of defense Respiratory-2nd line Urinary -2nd line
Chemical Buffers in the body include	Bicarbonate System Phosphate Protein
Respiratory System helps buffer by regulating our	Rate and depth of breathing is adjusted to regulate C02 Levels
Urinary System help buffer	Hydrogen secretion or bicarb reasborption in Kidneys

Created by: aphastings

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