Urinary, Reproduction, Acid Bases and Buffers
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| Male Function | Produce Sperm and make sex hormones
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| Male also store | Sperm
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| The sperm need to be ejaculated into the | Female
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| Female produce what | oocytes and make female sex hormones
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| Females receive Sperm from | Male
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| The female sustain what for the fetus | Development and nourishment
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| Scrotum | Sac like structure located on the outside
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| Scrotum contains | Testes
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| Cremastor and Dartos Muscles help regulate the Testes in what ways | Temperature regulation
can contract or release to keep testes slightly below Body Temperature
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| Seminiferous Tubules are where | Testes
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| Seminiferous Tubules are the site for | Sperm Production
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| Testes make | Gonads
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| A germ cell in the Testes will become | Sperm
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| Interstitial cells will become | Testosterone
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| Sertoli cells function | Nourish Developing Sperm
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| Sertoli Cells can also be called | Nurse Cells
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| Meiosis is in the process of what in the Male Reproductive | Spermatogenesis
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| 46 chromosomes are reduced to by what process | 23 by Meiosis
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| Meiosis makes in the end | 4 unique Sperm
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| Sperm Head contains | Acrosome-Enzymes
Genetic Information
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| Body | Mid-Piece contains Mitochondria
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| Tail contains | Flagella - whiplike
Swimming
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| In the head of the Sperm they contain ____ to help fertilization | Enzymes
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| Epididymis is where Sperm _____ | Matures and is stored
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| If not ejaculated out then what happens to Sperm | It would be reabsorbed in the tail of the Epididymis
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| Carries Sperm from Epididymis to Ejaculatory Duct | Vas Deferens
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| Urethra | Carries Sperm from a duct to outside also carries Urine
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| Penis | Organ of intercourse when erect
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| What are the 3 glands that nourish and fuel the Sperm | Seminal Vesicle
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral Gland
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| Seminal Vesicle | Nutrient Alkaline Solution
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| Prostate Gland Prostatic Solution | Nutrient
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| Bulbourethral Gland | Lubricant Solution
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| Semen | Sperm and Seminal Fluid ( Fluid from glands)
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| Male Hormones | LH
FSH
TESTOSTERONE
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| LH stimulates what | testosterone production
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| FSH stimulates what | Spermatogenesis
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| Testosterone stimulates what | Spermatogenesis and Secondary Sex characteristics
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| Hormones are regulated by what two systems | Neg and Positive Feedback System
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| Meiosis makes what kind of cells at the end | Haploid cells
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| Start out as what kind of cell in the Meiosis process | Diploid Cell
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| Haploid | 1 set of chromosomes
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| Which Male Hormones are in the Anterior Pituitary | LH and FSH
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| Which Hormone is from the Testes | Testosterone
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| What are the Male Secondary Sex Characteristics | Increase..
Body hair
enlarged sex organ
voice drops
skin thickens
increase muscle growth
Bone Strengthening
Sperm Production
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| When the Voice Drops what is changing in that process | Changes in the Vocal Cords and Larynx
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| The Male Sex Behaivor has what three processes | Erection
Emission
Ejaculation
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| When the penis fills with blood | Erection
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| Movement of Semen into the Urethra | Emission
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| Exit of Semen from body during orgasm | Ejaculation
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| When the Female Reproduction System uses their chromosomes for the egg what is that process | Meiosis
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| The process of making an egg a month is | Oogenesis
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| Meiosis in the Female Reproductive System has what result | 1 unique oocyte produced not 4 like the male
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| oocyte is considered | Female Gamete
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| What are the accessory organs of the Female Reproductive System | Fallopian Tubes
Fimbriae
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
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| External Genitalia for the Female reproductive System | Labia Majora
Labia Minora
Clitoris
Vestibule
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| Fallopian Tubes are the site of | Fertilization
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| Fertilization is | Sperm (23) and oocyte (23) equal one Zygote
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| Zygote is | when you have both chromosomes from Male and Female Reproductive System
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| Fimbriae | Fingers
Sweep over the ovary and have to accept the released egg into the tube
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| What structure is in the Fallopian Tubes that help the egg move along toward the Uterus | Cilia
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| When pregnancy or implantation occurs outside of the Uterus | Ectopic Pregnancy
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| Uterus is another name for what | Womb
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| Where is the site of implantation and for fetal encouragement | Uterus
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| What are the layers of the Uterus | Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
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| Endometrium has how many layers | 2
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| Name the two layers in the Endometrium | Basal Layer
Stratum Functionalis
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| What layer is shed during menstruation | Stratum Functionalis
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| The Endometrium is the what layer of the Uterus | Inner layer
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| What is considered the neck of the Uterus | Cervix
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| What is the lowest portion of the Uterus | Cervix
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| Vagina is also called the | Birth Canal
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| Vagina is the exit for the | Menstrual Flow
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| What is the sexual intercourse organ | Vagina
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| What is the External Genitalia for the Female Reproductive System | Vulva
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| Thick fold with Hair on it describes | Labia Majora
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| Thin fold with Sebaceous glands inside | Labia Minora
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| Source of Sexual Stimulation for the Female Reproductive System | Clitoris
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| Analogous to the Penis | Clitoris
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| What tissue is the Clitoris | Erectile Tissue
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| Vestibule | Space enclosed by labia minora
Entry way
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| Lubrication and Orgasm facilitates movement of semen _______ and _______ into the Female Duct | into and up
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| What is the first step in the Follicle Maturation and Ovulation in Ovaries | Primary Follicles contain oocyte and begin producing Estrogen and Progesterone
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| What is the 2nd step in the Follicle Maturation and Ovulation in Ovaries | Secondary Follicles contain oocyte and produce sex hormones
Estrogen and some Progesterone
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| What is the 3rd step in the Follicle Maturation and Ovulation in Ovaries | Graafian Follicle develops
contain also Estrogen and Progesterone
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| What is the 4th step in the Follicle Maturation and Ovulation in Ovaries | Ovulation occurs and the oocyte is released
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| What is the 5th step in the Follicle Maturation and Ovulation in Ovaries | If no fertilization occurs the Corpus luteum degenerates into Corpus Albicans
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| Corpus Luteum is in the | Ovary
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| Corpus Luteum still produces | Estrogen and Progesterone
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| Corpus Albicans form what | scar on the ovary
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| The Corpus Albicans contains no what | Hormones
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| Eggs women are born with and have all their life are called | Primordial Follicles
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| Hormone in the Male that stimulates the release of Testosterone is | LH
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| LH in Females stimulate what | Ovulation
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| Where does the sperm go after the Vas Deferens | Ejaculatory Ducts
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| Lubricating fluid in the Male | Bulbourethral gland
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| Fluid that helps regulate the PH in Males | Prostate Gland
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| What fluid help regulate the PH and give Nutrients in Males | Seminal Vesicle
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| Sperm Mature and stores sperm until release | Epididymis
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| Corpus Luteum degenerates into to form | Corpus Albicans
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| What Hormones stimulate the follicles to begin to enlarge in Females | FSH
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| Follicles in the women produce what hormone: | Estrogen
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| Endometrium begins to thicken what hormones causes this: | Estrogen
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| The release of _________ causes Ovulation | Leutinizing Hormone
LH
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| Oocytes released from Ovary | Ovulation
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| Define Luteal Phase | Corpus Luteum continues secreting Estrogen and Progesterone
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| Keep FSH and LH low , what hormone is this | Progesterone
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| what forms and breaks down with no fertilized egg and no estrogen: | Corpus Albicans
Endometrium breaks down
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| Define Menses: | Flow of blood and tissue from Vagina
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| During Menses do you have Progesterone | No Progesterone
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| FSH increases what does this regulate | the cycle and for it to repeat
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| Fertilized egg secretes what | Human Chronic Gonadotropins
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| What does HCG maintain | The Corpus Luteum
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| What hormone keeps the Endometrium thick | Estrogen
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| What hormone keeps FSH and LH Low | Progesterone
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| Cycle stops due to age is called what | Menopause
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| chemical digestion | chemical enzymes to break down macro-molecules into building blocks
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| Physical movement to break down food | Mechanical Digestion
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| What is the Alimentary Canal | Mouth to Anus
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| What is the inner layer of the Alimentary Canal | Mucosa Inner Layer ( Mucous Membranes)
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| What layer is the Submucosa | Outside of Mucosa
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| What does the Submucosa contain | Nerves , glands, blood and lymphatic vessels
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| Where is the Muscularis layer of the Alimentary Canal | Outside of Submuscularis
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| What does the Muscularis layer contain | Smooth Muscle
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| What layer is the Serosa of the Alimentary Canal | Outer Layer
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| What does the Serosa contain | Serous Membrane
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| Cheeks contain muscles for mastication, what is this muscle | Masseter
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| Contain Receptors for temp and texture ,what is this structure | Lips
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| Moves food around and tastes food, What is this structure | Tongue
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| tear and grind food, what is this structure | Teeth
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| What are the three salivary glands | Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular
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| Function of Saliva | Moisten food and contains salivary amylase enzyme
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| Salivary Amylase digests what | Carbs
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| Anterior Roof of the mouth | Hard Palate
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| Posterior Roof of the mouth | Soft Palate
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| Soft Palate attaches to what | Uvula
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| Uvula | Blocks Nasopharynx during swallowing
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| Connects oral cavity to Esophagus is what structure | Pharynx
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| What are the three Pharynx's | Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
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| Epiglottis covers ___________ during swallowing | Larynx
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| What connects the pharynx to the stomach | Esophagus
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| Smooth muscle contractions are called | Peristalsis
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| What structure moves the bolus to the stomach | Esophagus
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| What structures controls what enters and exits food to and from the stomach | Pyloric Sphincter and L.E.S.
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| How does the stomach further digest food | churns bolus with secretions
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| What are 4 Gastric Secretions | Mucus
HCL
Pepsinogen
Intrinsic Factor
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| Stretching of the stomach by a Bolus triggers ________________ Hormone that stimulates gastric secretions | Gastrin
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| what secretion protects the stomach from itself | Mucus
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| HCL is secreted by what kind of cells | Parietal
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| This secretion mixes with Pepsinogen | HCL
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| What secretion produces Pepsin and helps digest Proteins | Pepsinogen
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| What absorbs Vitamin D in the Small Intestine | Intrinsic Factor
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| What ions are absorbed in the Stomach | H20, Salts, Drugs and alcohol
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| What are the three parts of the Small Intestine | DJI
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
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| What part of the small intestine absorbs the most nutrients | Jejunum
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| What part of the Small Intestine does the Gall Bladder , Pancreas and Liver dump their secretions into | Duodenum
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| Stretching of the Duodenum triggers __________________ | Secretions Peptidases, Lipase, Sucrase, Maltase, and Lactase
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| What does Peptidase helps digest | Peptides
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| This Enzyme digests Lipids | Lipase
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| This Enzyme digests Sucrose | Sucrase
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| This Enzyme digests Maltose | Maltase
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| This Enzyme digests Lactose | Lactase
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| Chyme is moved along the Small Intestine how | Peristalsis
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| In the small Intestine what feature aides in Reabsorption | Surface areas increases by the presence of
Villi
Microvilli
Long Length
Circular Fold
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| Features used for absorption are | Villi
Microvilli
Long Length
Circular Folds
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| What kind of ions enter Capillaries | Monosaccharides, amino acids, and small lipids
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| What kind of Ions enter Lacteals | Large Lipids enter
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| Mesentery that hold the Small and Large Intestine contain | Blood and Lymph Vessels that transport nutrients away from small intestine
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| Liver produces what | Bile
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| Where is the Bile Stored | Gall Bladder
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| Bile is composed of | Bile Pigments, electrolytes, and cholesterol
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| What does Bile help to break down | Emulsifies Lipids
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| Where is the Bile released | Duodenum
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| Bile responds to what hormone | CCK
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| Liver has what five functions | Bile Secretion
Carb, Protein, and Lipid Metabolism
Detoxification of toxins
Storage of Iron
Blood Filtering
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| Pancreas releases it's juice into where | Duodenum
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| What does the pancreas help to digest | Proteins and Carbs
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| What enzymes does Pancreas Secrete | Pancreatic Amylase
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Carboxypeptidase
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| Which enzymes digest Carbs | Amylase
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| Which enzymes digest Proteins | Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Carboxypeptidase
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| Lipase digest what in the body | Lipids
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| Nucleases digest what in the body | Nucleic acids
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| What is Bicarbonates role in Digestion | Lower P.H.
Neutralize Acid
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| Bicarbonate is released at what time during digestion | Chyme exiting the stomach
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| Which Enzymes trigger Pancreatic Secretion | CCK and Secretin
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| What leads from the Small Intestine into the Large Intestine | Ileocecal Sphincter
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| Ileocecal Sphincter has what function | regulates movement of Chyme into Cecum
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| Cecum | 1st part of the Large Intestine
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| Attached to the Cecum is what organ | Appendix
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| What are the parts of the Colon | Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
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| Large Intestine has what function | water and salt absorption, mucous production of Microorganismal activity
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| Feces contains | water and salt and any other undigested material
mucus and microoragnisms
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| Where is Feces stored | Rectum
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| What stretches and indicates urgency | Rectum
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| Defication Reflex | Overriden until time and place convenient
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| Voluntary Impulses that release Feces out of where | Anus
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| Mass Movement | Occur in the Large Intestine and occurs after a meal. It moves more content toward the Rectum
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| Chemicals ingested that provide energy and building blocks | Nutrients
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| Needed in large amounts daily | Carb, Protein, and Fat
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| How many cal of Carb do we need | 4 cal/g
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| Carbs can be described as what kind of energy | Fast Energy
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| Example of Carb is | Sugar and Starch
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| How many cal of Protein do we need | 4 cal/g
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| An example of Proteins are | Meats , Beans, Hormones, and enzymes
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| How many cal of Fat do we need | 9 cal/g
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| What is an example of Fats | Meats, nuts, used for energy and Hormones
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| Micro-nutrients | Needed in small amounts daily
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| Vitamins can be either | Fat soluble or Water Soluble
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| Example of Fat Soluble Vitamin | K
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| Example of Water Soluble Vitamin | B
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| Vitamins act as a | Coenzyme
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| What are the two types of Minerals | Major and Minor
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| Minor can also be called | Trace Elements
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| Malnutrition can deal with 4 factors | Hunger
poor food choices
obesity
eating disorders
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| Urinary System had what functions | Remove toxins( Blood Wastes)
Form , Store, and expel Urine
Maintain Blood Homeostasis
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| Kidneys | Paired Organ located retroperitoneal (Behind)
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| Forms Urine | Kidneys
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| Renal Artery and Vein | Supplies and drains blood to and from Kidneys
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| Renal Cortex | Outer layer
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| Renal Medulla | Inner Layer
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| Renal Pelvis | Carries Urine to Ureter
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| What is the functional unit of the Kidney | Nephron
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| Blood arrives to the Nephron by the | Afferent Arteriole
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| Afferent Arteriole can also change what to regulate volume and pressure | Diameter
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| Efferent Arteriole | carries blood away from the Nephron
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| Efferent Arteriole leads to what | Peritubular Capillary
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| Peritubular Capillary | Surrounds the whole Nephron
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| What happens in the Bownman's Capsule and Glomerulus | Water and Salt and wastes/ Nutrients are filtered here
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| What is the first part of the Nephron called | Proximal Convoluted Tubule
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| What happens in the P.C.T | Reabsorbs Nutrients , Salts and Water into the blood
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| After the P.C.T then it leads where | Descending loop of Henlee
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| What is happening in the Descending loop of Henlee | Reabsorption of Water in the blood
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| After the descending loop what is the next section | Ascending Loop of Henlee
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| What is happening in the ascending loop of Henlee | Reabsorbs Salt back into the Blood
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| After it goes through the Ascending Loop then what is the next section | Distal Convoluted Tubule
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| What is happening in the D.C.T. | Secretion of drugs , ammonia, K+ and H+ into Nephron
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| The D.C.T. determines what | Blood P.H.
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| After it passes through the D.C.T. then what is the next section | Collection Duct
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| What is happening in the Collection Duct | The Water and Salts and Wastes exit as Urine
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| Urine is composed of | Water
Electrolytes
Nitrogenous Wastes
Ammonia
Uric Acid
Urea
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| How is the Nephron regulated | Hormones
Specific Gravity
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| What Hormones regulate Urine Production and Composition | ADH
Aldosterone
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| ADH is found where | Posterior Pituitary
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| ADH Functions how | Water re absorption in Kidneys
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| Aldosterone functions how | Reabsorbs Salt and Secretes Potassium
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| Specific Gravity allows us to see what | Level of water we have
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| What affects the Filtrate rate and pressure by secreting Renin | Juxtaglomerulus Apparatus
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| Renin | Enzyme from Kidneys
Causes Vasoconstriction
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| Shifing Levels in Pressure can affects what function | Kidney function
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| Substance that enters the Nephron is called | Filtrate
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| Build up of Uric Acid Calcium and Phosphate that can cause blockages | Kidney Stones
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| _______ moves Urine to the Bladder | Peristalsis
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| Urinary Bladder | Stores Urine
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| What kind of muscle is on the outside | Detrusor Muscle
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| What kind of muscle is the detrusor muscle | Smooth muscle in the bladder wall
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| Carries Urine to the outside | Urethra
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| Urination reflex | Micturition
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| How does the Urination reflex work | Bladder stretches with Urine signals of urgency are sent to the brain
Reflex is overriden until time and place is convienant.
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| What kind of impulses release Urine | Voluntary
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| 63 Percent of fluid is in what compartment | Intercellular fluid
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| 37 percent is found in what compartment | Extracellular fluid
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| What are the 4 sub-compartments that are in the Extracellular fluid | Interstitial fluid
Plasma
Lymph
Transcellular Fluid
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| Why is Water balance important | because of Osmosis
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| How do we have Water Input | Beverages
Food
Metabolism
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| Water Output is caused by what factors | Sweat
Urine
Exhaled air
Feces
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| Water regulation Input is felt by what kind of receptors | Osmoreceptors
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| Osmoreceptors is responsible for | Thirst Mechanism
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| Output is controlled by what Hormone | ADH
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| Molecules that release ions Positive or Negative in Water is called what mechanism | Electrolyte Balance
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| If Potassium is too high in the blood what is stimulated | Aldosterone stimulated from adrenal glands
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| Aldosterone is secreted from the ____________ | Adrenal Glands
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| Excess Postassium is then secreted into ________ | Urine in the DCT
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| What part of the Nephron loop secretes K into the Urine | Distal Convoluted Tubule
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| Once Potassium is secreted then it does what to the levels in the blood | Decreases
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| Acids | Electrolytes that release Hydrogen into Water
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| Bases | Electrolytes that release OH- into Water
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| What are sources of Hydrogen in the Body | Anaerobic Respiration( Fermentation)
Aerobic Respiration
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| Anaerobic Respiration gives off | Lactic Acid and requires less energy
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| Aerobic Respiration gives off what | Carbonic Acid
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| Breakdown of Lipids | Acidic Ketones
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| Breakdown of Sulfur containing Proteins | Sulfuric Acid
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| Breakdown of Phosphate containing proteins | Phosphoric Acid
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| Normal PH of Blood is | 7.4
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|
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| Alkalosis | Above 7.4
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| Acidosis | Below 7.4
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| Acids gain____and lose______ | Acids and Bases
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| Alkalosis gain ______ and lose ______ | Bases and Acids
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|
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| This works best at an optimal temperature | Enzymes
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|
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| Chemicals that help maintain certain PH | Buffers
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|
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| Buildup of Acids C02/ Carbonic Acid decrease in rate and depth of breathing: What disorder is this | Respiratory Acidosis
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|
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| What happens during Respiratory Acidosis | Chemoreceptors increase to stimulate Medulla Oblongata to increase rate and depth of breathing
Blockage of Air passage/ constriction which decreases gas exchange
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|
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| Lose of C02/ Carbonic Acid/ due to: Anxiety/ Hyperventilation/ High Altitude | Respiratory Alkalosis
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|
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| Builup of Acid can be seen in what diseases | Ketones and Diabetes Mellitus, Kidney Failure, Metabollic Acidosis
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| Gastric Drainage/ Vomiting with loss of gastric secretion/ prolonged vomitting and diarrhea with a lose of intestinal secretions : Loses______ | Bases
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| Metabollic Alkalosis | Loss of Acids
Gain of Bases
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| Over-Ingestion of Antacids causes a gain of what and what disease | Bases and Respiratory Alkalosis
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|
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| What are the line of defenses in the Acid -Base Buffer Systems | Chemical Buffer System-1st line of defense
Respiratory-2nd line
Urinary -2nd line
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| Chemical Buffers in the body include | Bicarbonate System
Phosphate
Protein
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|
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| Respiratory System helps buffer by regulating our | Rate and depth of breathing is adjusted to regulate C02 Levels
🗑
|
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| Urinary System help buffer | Hydrogen secretion or bicarb reasborption in Kidneys
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|
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