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Urinary, Reproduction, Acid Bases and Buffers

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
Male Function   Produce Sperm and make sex hormones  
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Male also store   Sperm  
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The sperm need to be ejaculated into the   Female  
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Female produce what   oocytes and make female sex hormones  
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Females receive Sperm from   Male  
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The female sustain what for the fetus   Development and nourishment  
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Scrotum   Sac like structure located on the outside  
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Scrotum contains   Testes  
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Cremastor and Dartos Muscles help regulate the Testes in what ways   Temperature regulation can contract or release to keep testes slightly below Body Temperature  
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Seminiferous Tubules are where   Testes  
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Seminiferous Tubules are the site for   Sperm Production  
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Testes make   Gonads  
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A germ cell in the Testes will become   Sperm  
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Interstitial cells will become   Testosterone  
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Sertoli cells function   Nourish Developing Sperm  
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Sertoli Cells can also be called   Nurse Cells  
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Meiosis is in the process of what in the Male Reproductive   Spermatogenesis  
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46 chromosomes are reduced to by what process   23 by Meiosis  
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Meiosis makes in the end   4 unique Sperm  
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Sperm Head contains   Acrosome-Enzymes Genetic Information  
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Body   Mid-Piece contains Mitochondria  
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Tail contains   Flagella - whiplike Swimming  
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In the head of the Sperm they contain ____ to help fertilization   Enzymes  
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Epididymis is where Sperm _____   Matures and is stored  
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If not ejaculated out then what happens to Sperm   It would be reabsorbed in the tail of the Epididymis  
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Carries Sperm from Epididymis to Ejaculatory Duct   Vas Deferens  
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Urethra   Carries Sperm from a duct to outside also carries Urine  
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Penis   Organ of intercourse when erect  
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What are the 3 glands that nourish and fuel the Sperm   Seminal Vesicle Prostate Gland Bulbourethral Gland  
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Seminal Vesicle   Nutrient Alkaline Solution  
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Prostate Gland Prostatic Solution   Nutrient  
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Bulbourethral Gland   Lubricant Solution  
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Semen   Sperm and Seminal Fluid ( Fluid from glands)  
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Male Hormones   LH FSH TESTOSTERONE  
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LH stimulates what   testosterone production  
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FSH stimulates what   Spermatogenesis  
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Testosterone stimulates what   Spermatogenesis and Secondary Sex characteristics  
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Hormones are regulated by what two systems   Neg and Positive Feedback System  
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Meiosis makes what kind of cells at the end   Haploid cells  
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Start out as what kind of cell in the Meiosis process   Diploid Cell  
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Haploid   1 set of chromosomes  
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Which Male Hormones are in the Anterior Pituitary   LH and FSH  
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Which Hormone is from the Testes   Testosterone  
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What are the Male Secondary Sex Characteristics   Increase.. Body hair enlarged sex organ voice drops skin thickens increase muscle growth Bone Strengthening Sperm Production  
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When the Voice Drops what is changing in that process   Changes in the Vocal Cords and Larynx  
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The Male Sex Behaivor has what three processes   Erection Emission Ejaculation  
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When the penis fills with blood   Erection  
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Movement of Semen into the Urethra   Emission  
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Exit of Semen from body during orgasm   Ejaculation  
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When the Female Reproduction System uses their chromosomes for the egg what is that process   Meiosis  
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The process of making an egg a month is   Oogenesis  
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Meiosis in the Female Reproductive System has what result   1 unique oocyte produced not 4 like the male  
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oocyte is considered   Female Gamete  
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What are the accessory organs of the Female Reproductive System   Fallopian Tubes Fimbriae Uterus Cervix Vagina  
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External Genitalia for the Female reproductive System   Labia Majora Labia Minora Clitoris Vestibule  
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Fallopian Tubes are the site of   Fertilization  
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Fertilization is   Sperm (23) and oocyte (23) equal one Zygote  
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Zygote is   when you have both chromosomes from Male and Female Reproductive System  
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Fimbriae   Fingers Sweep over the ovary and have to accept the released egg into the tube  
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What structure is in the Fallopian Tubes that help the egg move along toward the Uterus   Cilia  
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When pregnancy or implantation occurs outside of the Uterus   Ectopic Pregnancy  
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Uterus is another name for what   Womb  
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Where is the site of implantation and for fetal encouragement   Uterus  
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What are the layers of the Uterus   Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium  
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Endometrium has how many layers   2  
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Name the two layers in the Endometrium   Basal Layer Stratum Functionalis  
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What layer is shed during menstruation   Stratum Functionalis  
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The Endometrium is the what layer of the Uterus   Inner layer  
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What is considered the neck of the Uterus   Cervix  
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What is the lowest portion of the Uterus   Cervix  
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Vagina is also called the   Birth Canal  
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Vagina is the exit for the   Menstrual Flow  
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What is the sexual intercourse organ   Vagina  
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What is the External Genitalia for the Female Reproductive System   Vulva  
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Thick fold with Hair on it describes   Labia Majora  
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Thin fold with Sebaceous glands inside   Labia Minora  
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Source of Sexual Stimulation for the Female Reproductive System   Clitoris  
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Analogous to the Penis   Clitoris  
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What tissue is the Clitoris   Erectile Tissue  
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Vestibule   Space enclosed by labia minora Entry way  
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Lubrication and Orgasm facilitates movement of semen _______ and _______ into the Female Duct   into and up  
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What is the first step in the Follicle Maturation and Ovulation in Ovaries   Primary Follicles contain oocyte and begin producing Estrogen and Progesterone  
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What is the 2nd step in the Follicle Maturation and Ovulation in Ovaries   Secondary Follicles contain oocyte and produce sex hormones Estrogen and some Progesterone  
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What is the 3rd step in the Follicle Maturation and Ovulation in Ovaries   Graafian Follicle develops contain also Estrogen and Progesterone  
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What is the 4th step in the Follicle Maturation and Ovulation in Ovaries   Ovulation occurs and the oocyte is released  
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What is the 5th step in the Follicle Maturation and Ovulation in Ovaries   If no fertilization occurs the Corpus luteum degenerates into Corpus Albicans  
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Corpus Luteum is in the   Ovary  
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Corpus Luteum still produces   Estrogen and Progesterone  
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Corpus Albicans form what   scar on the ovary  
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The Corpus Albicans contains no what   Hormones  
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Eggs women are born with and have all their life are called   Primordial Follicles  
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Hormone in the Male that stimulates the release of Testosterone is   LH  
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LH in Females stimulate what   Ovulation  
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Where does the sperm go after the Vas Deferens   Ejaculatory Ducts  
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Lubricating fluid in the Male   Bulbourethral gland  
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Fluid that helps regulate the PH in Males   Prostate Gland  
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What fluid help regulate the PH and give Nutrients in Males   Seminal Vesicle  
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Sperm Mature and stores sperm until release   Epididymis  
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Corpus Luteum degenerates into to form   Corpus Albicans  
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What Hormones stimulate the follicles to begin to enlarge in Females   FSH  
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Follicles in the women produce what hormone:   Estrogen  
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Endometrium begins to thicken what hormones causes this:   Estrogen  
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The release of _________ causes Ovulation   Leutinizing Hormone LH  
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Oocytes released from Ovary   Ovulation  
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Define Luteal Phase   Corpus Luteum continues secreting Estrogen and Progesterone  
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Keep FSH and LH low , what hormone is this   Progesterone  
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what forms and breaks down with no fertilized egg and no estrogen:   Corpus Albicans Endometrium breaks down  
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Define Menses:   Flow of blood and tissue from Vagina  
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During Menses do you have Progesterone   No Progesterone  
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FSH increases what does this regulate   the cycle and for it to repeat  
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Fertilized egg secretes what   Human Chronic Gonadotropins  
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What does HCG maintain   The Corpus Luteum  
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What hormone keeps the Endometrium thick   Estrogen  
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What hormone keeps FSH and LH Low   Progesterone  
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Cycle stops due to age is called what   Menopause  
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chemical digestion   chemical enzymes to break down macro-molecules into building blocks  
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Physical movement to break down food   Mechanical Digestion  
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What is the Alimentary Canal   Mouth to Anus  
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What is the inner layer of the Alimentary Canal   Mucosa Inner Layer ( Mucous Membranes)  
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What layer is the Submucosa   Outside of Mucosa  
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What does the Submucosa contain   Nerves , glands, blood and lymphatic vessels  
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Where is the Muscularis layer of the Alimentary Canal   Outside of Submuscularis  
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What does the Muscularis layer contain   Smooth Muscle  
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What layer is the Serosa of the Alimentary Canal   Outer Layer  
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What does the Serosa contain   Serous Membrane  
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Cheeks contain muscles for mastication, what is this muscle   Masseter  
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Contain Receptors for temp and texture ,what is this structure   Lips  
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Moves food around and tastes food, What is this structure   Tongue  
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tear and grind food, what is this structure   Teeth  
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What are the three salivary glands   Parotid Sublingual Submandibular  
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Function of Saliva   Moisten food and contains salivary amylase enzyme  
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Salivary Amylase digests what   Carbs  
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Anterior Roof of the mouth   Hard Palate  
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Posterior Roof of the mouth   Soft Palate  
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Soft Palate attaches to what   Uvula  
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Uvula   Blocks Nasopharynx during swallowing  
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Connects oral cavity to Esophagus is what structure   Pharynx  
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What are the three Pharynx's   Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx  
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Epiglottis covers ___________ during swallowing   Larynx  
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What connects the pharynx to the stomach   Esophagus  
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Smooth muscle contractions are called   Peristalsis  
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What structure moves the bolus to the stomach   Esophagus  
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What structures controls what enters and exits food to and from the stomach   Pyloric Sphincter and L.E.S.  
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How does the stomach further digest food   churns bolus with secretions  
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What are 4 Gastric Secretions   Mucus HCL Pepsinogen Intrinsic Factor  
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Stretching of the stomach by a Bolus triggers ________________ Hormone that stimulates gastric secretions   Gastrin  
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what secretion protects the stomach from itself   Mucus  
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HCL is secreted by what kind of cells   Parietal  
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This secretion mixes with Pepsinogen   HCL  
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What secretion produces Pepsin and helps digest Proteins   Pepsinogen  
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What absorbs Vitamin D in the Small Intestine   Intrinsic Factor  
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What ions are absorbed in the Stomach   H20, Salts, Drugs and alcohol  
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What are the three parts of the Small Intestine   DJI Duodenum Jejunum Ileum  
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What part of the small intestine absorbs the most nutrients   Jejunum  
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What part of the Small Intestine does the Gall Bladder , Pancreas and Liver dump their secretions into   Duodenum  
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Stretching of the Duodenum triggers __________________   Secretions Peptidases, Lipase, Sucrase, Maltase, and Lactase  
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What does Peptidase helps digest   Peptides  
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This Enzyme digests Lipids   Lipase  
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This Enzyme digests Sucrose   Sucrase  
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This Enzyme digests Maltose   Maltase  
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This Enzyme digests Lactose   Lactase  
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Chyme is moved along the Small Intestine how   Peristalsis  
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In the small Intestine what feature aides in Reabsorption   Surface areas increases by the presence of Villi Microvilli Long Length Circular Fold  
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Features used for absorption are   Villi Microvilli Long Length Circular Folds  
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What kind of ions enter Capillaries   Monosaccharides, amino acids, and small lipids  
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What kind of Ions enter Lacteals   Large Lipids enter  
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Mesentery that hold the Small and Large Intestine contain   Blood and Lymph Vessels that transport nutrients away from small intestine  
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Liver produces what   Bile  
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Where is the Bile Stored   Gall Bladder  
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Bile is composed of   Bile Pigments, electrolytes, and cholesterol  
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What does Bile help to break down   Emulsifies Lipids  
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Where is the Bile released   Duodenum  
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Bile responds to what hormone   CCK  
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Liver has what five functions   Bile Secretion Carb, Protein, and Lipid Metabolism Detoxification of toxins Storage of Iron Blood Filtering  
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Pancreas releases it's juice into where   Duodenum  
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What does the pancreas help to digest   Proteins and Carbs  
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What enzymes does Pancreas Secrete   Pancreatic Amylase Trypsin Chymotrypsin Carboxypeptidase  
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Which enzymes digest Carbs   Amylase  
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Which enzymes digest Proteins   Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, and Carboxypeptidase  
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Lipase digest what in the body   Lipids  
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Nucleases digest what in the body   Nucleic acids  
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What is Bicarbonates role in Digestion   Lower P.H. Neutralize Acid  
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Bicarbonate is released at what time during digestion   Chyme exiting the stomach  
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Which Enzymes trigger Pancreatic Secretion   CCK and Secretin  
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What leads from the Small Intestine into the Large Intestine   Ileocecal Sphincter  
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Ileocecal Sphincter has what function   regulates movement of Chyme into Cecum  
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Cecum   1st part of the Large Intestine  
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Attached to the Cecum is what organ   Appendix  
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What are the parts of the Colon   Ascending Transverse Descending Sigmoid  
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Large Intestine has what function   water and salt absorption, mucous production of Microorganismal activity  
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Feces contains   water and salt and any other undigested material mucus and microoragnisms  
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Where is Feces stored   Rectum  
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What stretches and indicates urgency   Rectum  
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Defication Reflex   Overriden until time and place convenient  
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Voluntary Impulses that release Feces out of where   Anus  
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Mass Movement   Occur in the Large Intestine and occurs after a meal. It moves more content toward the Rectum  
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Chemicals ingested that provide energy and building blocks   Nutrients  
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Needed in large amounts daily   Carb, Protein, and Fat  
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How many cal of Carb do we need   4 cal/g  
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Carbs can be described as what kind of energy   Fast Energy  
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Example of Carb is   Sugar and Starch  
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How many cal of Protein do we need   4 cal/g  
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An example of Proteins are   Meats , Beans, Hormones, and enzymes  
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How many cal of Fat do we need   9 cal/g  
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What is an example of Fats   Meats, nuts, used for energy and Hormones  
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Micro-nutrients   Needed in small amounts daily  
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Vitamins can be either   Fat soluble or Water Soluble  
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Example of Fat Soluble Vitamin   K  
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Example of Water Soluble Vitamin   B  
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Vitamins act as a   Coenzyme  
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What are the two types of Minerals   Major and Minor  
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Minor can also be called   Trace Elements  
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Malnutrition can deal with 4 factors   Hunger poor food choices obesity eating disorders  
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Urinary System had what functions   Remove toxins( Blood Wastes) Form , Store, and expel Urine Maintain Blood Homeostasis  
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Kidneys   Paired Organ located retroperitoneal (Behind)  
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Forms Urine   Kidneys  
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Renal Artery and Vein   Supplies and drains blood to and from Kidneys  
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Renal Cortex   Outer layer  
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Renal Medulla   Inner Layer  
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Renal Pelvis   Carries Urine to Ureter  
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What is the functional unit of the Kidney   Nephron  
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Blood arrives to the Nephron by the   Afferent Arteriole  
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Afferent Arteriole can also change what to regulate volume and pressure   Diameter  
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Efferent Arteriole   carries blood away from the Nephron  
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Efferent Arteriole leads to what   Peritubular Capillary  
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Peritubular Capillary   Surrounds the whole Nephron  
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What happens in the Bownman's Capsule and Glomerulus   Water and Salt and wastes/ Nutrients are filtered here  
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What is the first part of the Nephron called   Proximal Convoluted Tubule  
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What happens in the P.C.T   Reabsorbs Nutrients , Salts and Water into the blood  
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After the P.C.T then it leads where   Descending loop of Henlee  
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What is happening in the Descending loop of Henlee   Reabsorption of Water in the blood  
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After the descending loop what is the next section   Ascending Loop of Henlee  
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What is happening in the ascending loop of Henlee   Reabsorbs Salt back into the Blood  
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After it goes through the Ascending Loop then what is the next section   Distal Convoluted Tubule  
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What is happening in the D.C.T.   Secretion of drugs , ammonia, K+ and H+ into Nephron  
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The D.C.T. determines what   Blood P.H.  
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After it passes through the D.C.T. then what is the next section   Collection Duct  
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What is happening in the Collection Duct   The Water and Salts and Wastes exit as Urine  
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Urine is composed of   Water Electrolytes Nitrogenous Wastes Ammonia Uric Acid Urea  
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How is the Nephron regulated   Hormones Specific Gravity  
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What Hormones regulate Urine Production and Composition   ADH Aldosterone  
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ADH is found where   Posterior Pituitary  
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ADH Functions how   Water re absorption in Kidneys  
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Aldosterone functions how   Reabsorbs Salt and Secretes Potassium  
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Specific Gravity allows us to see what   Level of water we have  
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What affects the Filtrate rate and pressure by secreting Renin   Juxtaglomerulus Apparatus  
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Renin   Enzyme from Kidneys Causes Vasoconstriction  
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Shifing Levels in Pressure can affects what function   Kidney function  
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Substance that enters the Nephron is called   Filtrate  
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Build up of Uric Acid Calcium and Phosphate that can cause blockages   Kidney Stones  
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_______ moves Urine to the Bladder   Peristalsis  
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Urinary Bladder   Stores Urine  
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What kind of muscle is on the outside   Detrusor Muscle  
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What kind of muscle is the detrusor muscle   Smooth muscle in the bladder wall  
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Carries Urine to the outside   Urethra  
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Urination reflex   Micturition  
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How does the Urination reflex work   Bladder stretches with Urine signals of urgency are sent to the brain Reflex is overriden until time and place is convienant.  
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What kind of impulses release Urine   Voluntary  
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63 Percent of fluid is in what compartment   Intercellular fluid  
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37 percent is found in what compartment   Extracellular fluid  
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What are the 4 sub-compartments that are in the Extracellular fluid   Interstitial fluid Plasma Lymph Transcellular Fluid  
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Why is Water balance important   because of Osmosis  
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How do we have Water Input   Beverages Food Metabolism  
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Water Output is caused by what factors   Sweat Urine Exhaled air Feces  
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Water regulation Input is felt by what kind of receptors   Osmoreceptors  
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Osmoreceptors is responsible for   Thirst Mechanism  
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Output is controlled by what Hormone   ADH  
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Molecules that release ions Positive or Negative in Water is called what mechanism   Electrolyte Balance  
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If Potassium is too high in the blood what is stimulated   Aldosterone stimulated from adrenal glands  
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Aldosterone is secreted from the ____________   Adrenal Glands  
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Excess Postassium is then secreted into ________   Urine in the DCT  
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What part of the Nephron loop secretes K into the Urine   Distal Convoluted Tubule  
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Once Potassium is secreted then it does what to the levels in the blood   Decreases  
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Acids   Electrolytes that release Hydrogen into Water  
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Bases   Electrolytes that release OH- into Water  
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What are sources of Hydrogen in the Body   Anaerobic Respiration( Fermentation) Aerobic Respiration  
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Anaerobic Respiration gives off   Lactic Acid and requires less energy  
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Aerobic Respiration gives off what   Carbonic Acid  
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Breakdown of Lipids   Acidic Ketones  
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Breakdown of Sulfur containing Proteins   Sulfuric Acid  
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Breakdown of Phosphate containing proteins   Phosphoric Acid  
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Normal PH of Blood is   7.4  
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Alkalosis   Above 7.4  
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Acidosis   Below 7.4  
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Acids gain____and lose______   Acids and Bases  
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Alkalosis gain ______ and lose ______   Bases and Acids  
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This works best at an optimal temperature   Enzymes  
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Chemicals that help maintain certain PH   Buffers  
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Buildup of Acids C02/ Carbonic Acid decrease in rate and depth of breathing: What disorder is this   Respiratory Acidosis  
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What happens during Respiratory Acidosis   Chemoreceptors increase to stimulate Medulla Oblongata to increase rate and depth of breathing Blockage of Air passage/ constriction which decreases gas exchange  
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Lose of C02/ Carbonic Acid/ due to: Anxiety/ Hyperventilation/ High Altitude   Respiratory Alkalosis  
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Builup of Acid can be seen in what diseases   Ketones and Diabetes Mellitus, Kidney Failure, Metabollic Acidosis  
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Gastric Drainage/ Vomiting with loss of gastric secretion/ prolonged vomitting and diarrhea with a lose of intestinal secretions : Loses______   Bases  
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Metabollic Alkalosis   Loss of Acids Gain of Bases  
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Over-Ingestion of Antacids causes a gain of what and what disease   Bases and Respiratory Alkalosis  
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What are the line of defenses in the Acid -Base Buffer Systems   Chemical Buffer System-1st line of defense Respiratory-2nd line Urinary -2nd line  
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Chemical Buffers in the body include   Bicarbonate System Phosphate Protein  
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Respiratory System helps buffer by regulating our   Rate and depth of breathing is adjusted to regulate C02 Levels  
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Urinary System help buffer   Hydrogen secretion or bicarb reasborption in Kidneys  
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