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Social Psychology
First Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 3 main parts of the self? | Self-Knowledge (Self-Concept), Interpersonal Self, Agent Self |
| What is Self-Knowledge (Self-Concept)? | A dynamic system of identities, beliefs, and feelings that a person has about who he or she is, would like to be, or thinks he or she ought to be. Information about self, Self-Awareness, Self-Esteem, Self-Deception |
| What is Interpersonal Self (Public Self)? | Helps the person connect socially to others, a certain image they would like to convey to others. The self is often working in complex ways to gain social acceptance and maintain good interpersonal relationships. Self-Presentation! |
| What is Agent Self (Executive Function)? | Enables the self to make choices and exert control, including both self-control, and control over other people and things. |
| What is Independent Self- Construal (Independent Self)? Cultural Context | Emphasizes what makes the self different and sets it apart from others. Internal abilities, thoughts, and feelings. Being unique and self-expression. Promoting one's own goals. |
| What is Interdependent Self-Construal (Interdependent Self)? Cultural Context | Emphasizes what connects the self to other people and groups. Focuses on external, public features like status, roles, and relationships. Belonging and fitting in, and occupying proper place in social structure. |
| Is the Self: Dynamic or Static? | It is dynamic because the self can change in different settings such as relational, situational, or cultural. |
| What is Introspection? | The process by which a person examines the contents of his or her mind and mental states (thoughts and feelings). Turn Inward! |
| Social Comparison | Helps us formulate who we are or our self-concept. The two types are: Upward Social Comparison and Downward Social Comparison |
| Upward Social Comparison | Comparing to someone that is "better" than you in some life domain |
| Downward Social Comparison | Comparing to someone that is "worse" than you is some life domain. For example: "At least I'm not Dylan" |
| Looking-Glass Self (Where Self-Concept comes from) | The idea that people learn about themselves by imagining how they appear to others. Our view of ourselves may not match what other believe about us, also when someone tells us the truth we may not believe it. |
| Why do we seek Self-Knowledge? | Appraisal, because we just want to know who we are by gathering information (open-minded and curious). Self-Enhancement, we may only want to find the positives about oneself. Consistency, to verify what we already believe in ourselves. |
| What is the IAT? | Implicit Association Test, which measures the speed with which one responds to a pairing of different words and concepts. The faster the time, the stronger the association. |
| Mark Leary: Sociometer Theory | "When people feel accepted, their self-esteem goes up; though if they feel rejected, then their self-esteem goes down." |
| Sheldon Solomon: Terror-Management Theory | Defense mechanisms for existential such as a fear of death. Self-esteem helps buffer against these threats. |
| What are the 2 steps of choosing? | 1) Narrow full range of choices down. This is done rather quickly and the only option so we don't go insane. 2) Careful comparison of highlighted options. Cost/Benefit Analysis and Rational Decision Making. We do not do a great job at either of these. |
| What are the influences on choice? | Risk Aversion, Temporal Discounting, and Certainty Effect |
| Risk Aversion | Greater weight given to possible losses than possible gains. Pay attention to more negative stimuli than positive stimuli. |
| Temporal Discounting | Greater weight given to present over the future. We pay attention to what is presently in front of us. |
| Certainty Effect | Greater weight given to definite outcomes than to probabilities. |
| Reactance Theory | People are distressed by loss of freedom or options and seek to reclaim or reassert them. Want forbidden options more, Need to reassert freedom, Feel aggression towards those restricting freedoms. |
| Self-Determination Theory (Freedom to Act) | People need to feel at least some degree of autonomy and internal motivation |
| Autonomous Motivation | Motivated by your own means; self-motivated. If you are not feeling autonomous then it will result in: Lower satisfaction and less confidence, less creativity. |
| Controlled Motivation | Motivated by external rewards |
| Entity Theorists (Fixed Mindset): Freedom to Change | Traits are fixed, stable, does not have the ability to change it. Praised for their intelligence: Fixed |
| Incremental Theorists (Growth Mindset): Freedom to Change | Traits are subject to change (more malleable) Praised for their effort: Growth |
| Self-Control (Regulation) | Self's capacity to alter its own responses. Our ability to self-regulate predicts many outcomes like drugs, alcohol, anger control, and relationships. The more self-control one has, the more positive outcomes will happen. |
| What are the two types of Self-Control? | Inhibitory- Ending some sort of task that you want Initiatory- Doing something effortful to start a task |
| Walter Mishel: Delayed Gratification | Delayed short-term rewards for the sake of a better outcome later (ignoring temptation). Ability to delay gratification (make immediate sacrifices) correlates with SAT scores, educational attainment, and BMI. |
| What is Social Cognition? | The study of how people think about other people and relationships (want to examine and focus on what is happening in the mind) |
| What are Cognitive Misers? | We use minimal information to process. For example, we will carry first impressions and our judgement tend to not change overtime. |
| Schemas (Automatic Thinking) | Knowledge structures that represent a concept (many cases it could be inaccurate) |
| Scripts (Automatic Thinking) | Knowledge structures that define certain situations and how to act (more structured, automatically guides us through the situation) |
| What is Heuristics and what are the different types? | Mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of uncertain events. Representativeness, Availability, Simulation, Anchoring and Adjustments. |
| Representativeness | Judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the extent to which it resembles a typical case |
| Availability | Tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an extent by the ease with which relevant instances come to mind. For example, shark attacks, airplane crashes, Ebola. |
| Simulation | Tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by the ease with which you can imagine it |
| Anchoring and Adjustment | Tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by using starting point and then adjusting |
| Gain vs. Loss Framing: Prospect Theory (Kahneman) | Losses hurt more, gains feel good (loss aversion) Loss Frame: More likely to gamble Gain Frame: Less likely to take risks |
| What are three types of attributions? | Fundamental Attribution Error, Actor/Observer Bias, Self-Serving Bias |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | Observers attribute other people's behavior to internal or dispositional causes and downplay situational causes |
| Actor/Observer Bias | Actors make external attributions and observers make internal attributions |
| Self-Serving Bias | Take credit for successes, but deny blame for failure |
| Higgins (1989) state that there are 3 selves, what are they? | Actual Self, Ideal Self, Ought Self |
| Actual Self | The representation of those attributes an individual believe he or she does possess |
| Ideal Self | The representation of those attributes one would like to possess |
| Ought Self | The representations of those attributes one believes should possess out of duty, obligation, or responsibility |
| Planning Fallacy | Plans are typically overly optimistic because planners do not allow for unexpected problems. Usually underestimate time and cost. |
| Goals | Idea of some desired future state |
| Goal Setting | Early stages, open-minded, flexible thinking. Self-enhancement strategies are usually abandoned. |
| Goal Pursuit | Close-minded, optimistic thinking. Self-enhancement strategies are adopted. |
| What are the components of Self-Regulation? | Standards, Monitoring, Capacity to change ('willpower') |
| What is TOTE? | Test, Operate, Test, Exit If congruent with the goal then you EXIT from the TEST, but if you are in-congruent then you must go to the OPERATE phase and then TEST to EXIT. |
| What was Social Psychology mainly influence by? | Behaviorism up through the 1960s. Ignored what was occurring in the mind. |
| Advertising Research | It's not what is presented, it's HOW it's presented |
| Order Effect | Order of presentation exerts powerful influence Primary Recency |
| Framing Effect | The way information is presented (such as order) impacts the way information is process or understood. For example, 80% fat-free vs. 20% fat. |
| Spin-Framing | Varying the content of what is presented. For example, primarily language-based |
| Positive and Negative Framing | Emphasizing either good or bad. For example, Condoms have a 90% success rate or 10% failure rate. |
| What is Social Psychology? | The scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual or imagined presence of others. |
| What are the ABC's of social psychology? | Affect, Behavior Cognitions An attempt the bring explanatory order to the complexity and seeming chaos of social life through the tools of social science |
| Norman Triplett (1897) | Cycling alone or cycling competitively. Better times when competing against other people. |
| Max Ringelmann (1880s) | Pulling a rope alone or with a group. Effort decreases when in a group. |
| Who published the first Social Psychology textbook? | William McDougall: Founding the field in 1908 |
| What was considered the Golden Era in Social Psychology? | WWII |
| Kurt Lewin | Behavior=Person X Situation |
| Psychoanalytic Theory | Most associated with Sigmund Freud. Behavior motivated from within by powerful internal drives and impulses. How the unconscious mind affects our behavior. |
| Behaviorism | Associated with Pavlov, Skinner, and Watson. Focuses on external behavior and the environmental forces that reinforce that behavior. |
| Gestalt Psychology | Associated with Kohler, Koffka, and Lewin. Believed that we do not perceive things as discrete elements, but as "dynamic wholes." |
| Nature Selection | Nature selects traits that help to survive and reproduce |
Created by:
merwin17
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