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Learning and Memory
Vocabulary for Theme 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Classical Conditioning | A learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a neutral stimulus. |
| Neutral Stimulus | A stimulus that does not initially elicit any part of the unconditioned response. |
| Unconditioned Stimulus [UCS] | An event that elicits a certain predictable response typically without previous training. |
| Unconditioned Response [UCR] | An organism's automatic [or natural] reaction to a stimulus. |
| Conditioned Stimulus [CS] | A once-neutral event that elicits a given response after a period of training in which it has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus. |
| Conditioned Response [CR] | The learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus. |
| Generalization | Responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli. |
| Discrimination | The ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli. |
| Extinction | The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus. |
| Operant Conditioning | Learning in which a certain action is reinforced or punished, resulting in corresponding increases or decreases in occurrence. |
| Reinforcement | Stimulus or event that follows a response and increases the likelihood that the response will be repeated. |
| Primary Reinforcer | Stimulus that is naturally rewarding, such as food or water. |
| Secondary Reinforcer | Stimulus such as money that becomes rewarding through its link with a primary reinforcer. |
| Fixed-Ratio Schedule | A pattern of reinforcement in which a specific number of correct responses is required before reinforcement can be obtained. |
| Variable-Ratio Schedule | A pattern of reinforcement in which an unpredictable number of responses are required before reinforcement can be obtained. |
| Fixed-Interval Schedule | A pattern of reinforcement in which a specific amount of time must elapse before a response will elicit reinforcement. |
| Variable-Interval Schedule | A pattern of reinforcement in which changing amounts if time must elapse before a response will obtain reinforcement. |
| Shaping | Technique in which the desired behavior is "molded" by first rewarding any act similar to that behavior and then requiring ever-closer approximations to the desired behavior before giving the reward. |
| Response Chain | Learned reactions that follow one another in sequence, each reaction producing the signal for the next. |
| Aversive Control | Process of influencing behavior by means of unpleasant stimuli. |
| Negative Reinforcement | Increasing the strength of a given response by removing or preventing a painful stimulus when the response occurs. |
| Escape Conditioning | Training of an organism to remove or terminate an unpleasant stimulus. |
| Avoidance Conditioning | Training of an organism to withdraw from or prevent an unpleasant stimulus before it starts. |
| Social Learning | Process of altering behavior by observing and imitating the behavior(s) of others. |
| Cognitive Learning | Form of altering behavior that involves mental processes and may result from observation or imitation. |
| Cognitive Map | A mental picture of spatial relationships between events. |
| Latent Learning | Alteration of a behavioral tendency that is not demonstrated by an immediate, observable change in behavior. |
| Learned Helplessness | Condition in which repeated attempts to control a situation fail, resulting in the belief that the situation is uncontrollable. |
| Modeling | Learning by imitating others; copying behavior. |
| Behavior Modification | Systematic application of learning principles to change people's actions and or feelings. |
| Token Economy | Conditioning in which desirable behavior is reinforced with valueless objects, which can be accumulated and exchanged for valued rewards. |
| Memory | The storage and retrieval of what has been learned or experienced. |
| Encoding | The transforming of information so the nervous system can process it. |
| Storage | The process by which information is maintained over a period of time. |
| Retrieval | The process of obtaining information that has been stored in memory. |
| Sensory Memory | Very brief memory storage immediately following the initial stimulation of a receptor. |
| Short-Term Memory | Memory that is limited in capacity to about seven items and in duration by the subject's active rehearsal. |
| Maintenance Rehearsal | A system for remembering that involves repeating information to oneself without attempting to find meaning in it. |
| Chunking | The process of grouping items to make them easier to remember. |
| Semantic Memory | Knowledge if language, including its rules, words, and meanings. |
| Episodic Memory | Memory of one's life, including time of occurence. |
| Declarative Memory | Memory of knowledge that can be called forth consciously as needed. |
| Procedural Memory | Memory of learned skills that does not require conscious recollection. |
| Recognition | Memory retrieval in which a person identifies an object, idea, or situation as one he or she has or has not experienced before. |
| Recall | Memory retrieval in which a person reconstructs previously learned material. |
| Reconstructive Processes | The alteration of a recalled memory that may be simplified, enriched, or distorted, depending on an individual's experiences, attitudes, or inferences. |
| Confabulation | The act of filling in memory gaps. |
| Schemas | Conceptual frameworks a person uses to make sense of the world. |
| Eidetic Memory | The ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure. |
| Decay | Fading away of memory over time. |
| Interference | Blockage of a memory by previous or subsequent memories. |
| Elaborative Rehearsal | The linking of new information to material that is already known. |
| Mnemonic Devices | Techniques for using associations to memorize and retrieve information. |
Created by:
tderue
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