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Perception

Human psychology. Life Span Human Dev. Carol K. Sigelman. Elizabeth A. Rider

QuestionAnswer
Sensation Detection of information in the environment and transmission of that information to the brain
Perception Interpretation of sensory information (recognizing what you see, understanding what is said to you)
Constructivists Nurture. Our perception of the world is constructed over time through learning. (Believe that newborns are blank slates)
Nativists Rene Descartes. Nature. Perception is not created by interpreting external input- that instead innate capabilities and maturational programs are the driving forces in perceptual development. (Babies & adults perceive the world the same way)
Empiricists John Locke. Perceptual abilities are learned through experience. Babies experience the world differently from the way we do.
Methods used to test infant perception 1. Habituation 2. Preferential looking 3. Brain evoked potentials 4. Operant conditioning
Habituation Loss of interest in repeated stimulation.Dishabituation- renewed interest in new stimuli
Preferential looking Present 2 stimuli side by side.Preference for one stimuli over the other indicates that the infant can discriminated them.
Brain evoked potentials Electrodes in a cap worn by the infant measure electrical activity in the brain
Operant conditioning Change the probability of a behavior through reinforcement2 WAYS 2 TEST1. use two diff't stimuli as reinforcers2. use change in stimuli to indicate when reinforcement will follow behavior
Limiting factors of visual development 1. Muscles of the lens 2. Density of neurons in retina 3. Pathways in the brain
Visual acuity of newborn Ability to perceive detail20/600 (40 times worse than an adult's)
Visual accomodation The ability of the lens of the eye to change shape to bring objects at different distances into focus.
Early visual abilities 1. Color vision 2. Size and shape constancy 3. Depth perception 4. Knowledge of physical principles
Visual cliff Infants of crawling age perceive depth and are afraid of drop-offs. Younger infants perceive depth but are not scared to cross. Their heartrate slows which indicates interest.
Auditory development Fetus can hear during 3rd trimester. Newborns prefer sounds heard in utero. Newborns can localize sounds.
Phonemes (speech perception) Category of speech sounds. Infants discriminate phonemes from all languages. 1 year olds can no longer discriminate phonemes not present in the language spoken around them
Reations to diff't tastes 1. Sweet- newborn will relax face, smile, lick lips 2. Sour- will purse lips 3. Bitter- will grimace 4. no reaction until 4 months
Reactions to diff't smells 1. Banana- relax face, smile 2. Rotten eggs- frown, grimace, turn away 3. Breast milk- turn head toward smell
Stimulation involving skin (touch) 1. Tactile stimulation- sensation of pressure 2. Temperature change 3. Pain
Aging and Perception Vision problemsHearing problems
Vision problems 1. Cataracts- yellowing of the lens 2. Presbyopia- difficulty focusing on near objects 3. Glaucoma- fluid pressure leads to nerve damage 4. Macular degeneration- loss of neurons in retina
Hearing problems Loss of high frequencies from exposure to noise. Difficulty attending to speech in noisy setting.
Sensory threshold The threshold for a sense is the point at which low levels of stimulation can be detected (a dim light can be seen, faint tones, slight odors)
Retinis pigmentosa (RP) A group of hereditary disorders that all involve gradual deterioration of the light sensitive cells of the retina. ( Vitamin A can slow progress)
Presbycusis Problems of the aging ear. Loss of sensitivity to high-frequency or high-pitched sounds.
Cross-modal perception To recognize throgh one sense an object familiar through another
Created by: Cediana Studying
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