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ANTI-INFECTIVE MEDS
Pharmacology for Health Professionals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Infection means | invasion (entry) and proliferation (rapid reproduction) of pathogens. |
| Pathogens are | disease creators |
| Pathogens (disease creators) include: | 1. Bacteria 2. Viruses. 3. Fungi 3. Fungi |
| Anti-infective medications classified to treat bacterial infections are called: | antibiotics. |
| Antibiotics are effective against | many types of bacteria. |
| Effective means | successful |
| Antibiotics are not effective (successful) against any type of | viral infection |
| For antibiotics to be effective against a bacterial infection | they must be taken on time and until the prescription is completed. |
| Example: If the antibiotic prescription reads "trimox 250 mg po qid and there are 40 doses, the client must take the medication every | 6 hours around the clock for 10 days. |
| If an antibiotic is not taken on time and/or the antibiotic prescription is not completed: | The infection can return. |
| The microorganisms (microbes) causing the infection can develop | resistance to that antibiotic. |
| Bacteria are identified by using a straining technique called | gram staining. |
| Bacteria that stain pink are called: | gram negative. |
| Bacteria that stain purple are called | gram positive. |
| Antibiotics effective (successful) against many different types of bacteria are called | broad spectrum antibiotics. |
| Some antibiotics can reduce the effectiveness (successfulness) of an | influenza (flu) vaccination). |
| Sulfonamide Antibiotics: Sulfonamide antibiotics were the first chemical substance used to treat and prevent: | bacterial infections. |
| Sulfonamide antibiotics are commonly referred to as: | sulfa drugs. |
| Sulfonamide antibiotics (sulfa drugs) concentrate in the urine before excretion and are commonly prescribed (ordered) to treat | UTIs which stand for urinary tract infections. |
| Medications classified as sulfonamide antibiotics include: | 1. sulfadiazine. |
| Medications classified as sulfonamide antibiotics include: | 2. Gantrisin (sulfisoxazole). |
| Medications classified as sulfonamide antibiotics include: | 3. Bactrim and Septra (SMZ and TMP) which stands for sulfamethazole & trimethoprim. |
| Penicillin antibiotics: Penicillin is abbreviated: | PCN |
| Penicillin (PCN) originates from a type of fungus called | penicillium. |
| Medications classified as penicillin antibiotics include: | 1. Amoxil + trimox (amoxicillin) |
| A medication classified as a penicillin antibiotic is called: | 2. Principen (ampicillin) |
| Medications classified as penicillin antibiotics include: | 3. Pfizerpen + Bicillin + Permapen (penicillin) |
| Medications classified as penicillin antibiotic include: | 4. Ticar aka ticarcillin. |
| Medications classified as penicillin antibiotic include: | 5. dicloxacillin |
| Medications classified as penicillin antibiotic include: | 6. nafcillin |
| Medications classified as penicillin antibiotic include: | 7. oxacilin |
| Medications classified as penicillin antibiotic include: | 8. piperacillin |
| Medications classified as penicillin antibiotic include: | 9. methicillin |
| Medications classified as penicillin antibiotic include: | 10. Augmentin |
| Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria commonly found on the | skin or in the nose. |
| In healthy individuals, staphylococcus aureus usually causes no problems or results in relatively | minor skin infections. |
| An infection caused by staphylococcus aureus is commonly treated with | penicillin (PCN) antibiotics. |
| Penicillin resistant bacteria produce an antagonistic enzyme against penicillin (PCN) called | penicillinase |
| MRSA stands for | methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus. |
| Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is resistant to the following penicillin antibiotics: | methicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, dicloxacillin, nafcillin and oxacillin. |
| The most common locations for MRSA are | hospitals and nursing facilities |
| MRSA usually does not cause infection for those with a | healthy immune system. |
| Risk factors for a MRSA infection include: | 1. DM which stands for diabetes mellitus. |
| Risk factors for a MRSA infection include: | 2. CA which stands for cancer. |
| Risk factors for a MRSA infection include: | 3. AIDS which stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. |
| Risk factors for a MRSA infection include: | 4. The very young and elderly. |
| Risk factors for a MRSA infection include: | 5. Non-intact skin called open wound |
| Risk factors for a MRSA infection include: | 6. Poor asceptic (no infection) technique. |
| A MRSA outbreak is abbreviated | CAMRSA which stands for community associated methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus. |
| Outbreak means | pathology (disease) that suddenly occurs in unexpected numbers in a limited area and then subsides (diminishes or disappears). |
| Outbreaks of CAMRSA occur more often where people share close quarters such as: | 1. Schools. 2. Day care centers. 3. Gymnasiums. |
| The most effective technique to prevent transmission of MRSA is | proper hand wishing |
| Transmission means | spread |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae proliferation (rapid reproduction) can cause an inflammation of | 1. The lungs called pneumonia. |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae proliferation (rapid reproduction) can cause an inflammation of | 2. A middle ear (abbreviated OM) which stands for otitis media. |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae proliferation (rapid reproduction) can cause an inflammation of | 3. A air-filled cavity within the cranium called sinusitis. |
| Proliferation means: | rapid reproduction. |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae proliferation can cause an inflammation of: | 4. The membranes (linings) surrounding the brain and spinal cord called meninges. |
| Infection caused by streptococcus pneumoniae is commonly treated with: | penicillin (PCN) antibiotics. |
| PRSP stands for | penicillin resistant streptococcus pneumoniae. |
| Cephalosporin Antibiotics. Cephalosporin antibiotics are related to | the penicillin (PCN) antibiotics. |
| Cephalosporin antibiotics cause | bacterial septa (walls) to break down. |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 1. Duricef 2. cefadroxil |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 3. Ancef 4. cefazolin |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 5. Keflex 6. cephalexin. |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 7. Ceclor 8. cefaclor |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 9. Spectracef 10. cefditoren |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 11. Cefotan 12. cefotetan |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 13. Mefoxin 14. cefoxitin |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 15. Cefzil 16. cefprozil |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 17. Ceftin 18. Zinacef |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 19. cefuroxime 20. Omnicef |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 21. cefdinir 22. Maxipime |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 23. cefepime 24. Suprax |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 25. celixime 26. Cefobid |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 27. cefoperazone 28. Claforan |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 29. cefotoxime 30. Vantin |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 31. cefpodoxime 32. Tazicef |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 33. Fortaz 34. Ceptaz |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 35. ceftazidime 36. Cedax |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 37. ceftibuten 38. Rocephin |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 39. ceftriaxone 40. Zeftera |
| Medications classified as cephalosporin antibiotics include: | 41. ceftobiprole |
| MRSA is resistant to cephalosporin antibiotics except | Zeftera (eftobiprole) |
| Many people who are allergic to PCN antibiotics are also allergic to | cephalosporin antibiotics |
| A medication classified to prolong the therapeutic blood levels of penicillin antibiotics and cephalosporin antibiotics is called | probenecid. |
| AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS Aminoglycoside antibiotics are commonly prescribed to treat | UTIs which stands for urinary tract infections |
| Medications classified as aminoglycoside antibiotics include: | 1. Garamycin (gentamicin) 2. Kantrex |
| Medications classified as aminoglycoside antibiotics include: | 3. kanamycin 4. neomycin |
| Medications classified as aminoglycoside antibiotics include: | 5. paromomycin 6. streptomycin |
| Medications classified as aminoglycoside antibiotics include: | 7. TOBRIL 8. Tobrex |
| Medications classified as aminoglycoside antibiotics include: | 9. tobramycin |
| Aminoglycoside antibiotics can cause: | 1. Nephrotoxicity which can lead to RF which stands for renal failure. |
| Aminoglycoside antibiotics can cause: | 2. Ototoxicity which can lead to hearing loss. |
| Aminoglycoside antibiotics can cause: | 3. Ataxia which means condition of no coordination. |
| TETRACYCLINE ANTIBIOTICS: Tetracycline antibiotics are broad spectrum | which means they are effective against many different types of bacteria. |
| Medications classified a tetracycline antibiotics include: | 1. tetracycline. 2. Vibramycin (doxycycline) |
| Medications classified a tetracycline antibiotics include: | 3. oxytetracycline. 4. demeclocycline |
| Medications classified a tetracycline antibiotics include: | 5. minocycline |
| MISCELLANEOUS ANTIBIOTICS Medictions classified as miscellaneous antibiotics include: | 1. Zithromax Z-PAK (azithromycin) |
| Medications classified as miscellaneous antibiotics include: | 2. Cipro (ciprofloxacin) can lose effectiveness if combined with fruit juices. |
| Medications classified as miscellaneous antibiotics include | 3. Floxin. 4. Avelox |
| Medications classified as miscellaneous antibiotics include | 5. Biaxin 6. Levaquin. |
| Medications classified as miscellaneous antibiotics include: | 7. E.E.S. and Eryzole and Eryderm and Erye and EryPed and Erythromycin and Ery-Tab and Pediazole (erythromycin) |
| Erythromycin ophthalmic gtt are administered to treat bacterial sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the eyes of a NB which stands for | newborn aka a neonate. |
| Medications classified as miscellaneous antibiotics include | 8. Vancocin (vancomycin) |
| Vancocin (vancomycin) is commonly prescribed to treat infections caused by MRSA which stands for | methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus. |
| VRSA | stands for vancomycin resistant staphylococcus aureus. |
| VRE stands for | vancomycin resistant enterococcus. |
| ANTIVIRAL MEDICATIONS HIV stands for | human immunodeficiency virus. |
| The human immunodeficiency virus causes | AIDS which stands for acquired immune deficiency syndrome. |
| The average window period for the HIV is | three (3) to twelve (12 weeks) |
| The window period is the time between exposure to the HIV and detection with a | blood test. |
| A person infected wit the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can transmit (spread) the virus to others during the | "window period". |
| The average "window period" for the HIV is | three to 12 weeks. |
| The average "incubation period" between exposure to the HIV and the appearance of AIDS is | 2-10 years. |
| Diagnosis (Dx) of AIDS occurs when: | 1. A blood test reveals (shows) a CD4 T lymphocyte count below 200. |
| Diagnosis (Dx) of AIDS occus when: | 2. Microorganisms take advantage of a weakened immune system causing opportunistic infections (OI). |
| Opportunistic infections (OI) associated with AIDS include: | a. Inflammation of the lungs called PCP which stands for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. |
| Opportunistic infections (OI) associated with AIDS include: | b. Candidiasis which means fungal infection of the skin, oral cavity (thrush), bronchi, trachea (windpipe), esophagus, lungs, and vagina (yeast infection). |
| Opportunistic infections (OI) associated with AIDS include: | c. Bacterial pulmonary (lung) infections such as TB which stands for tuberculosis. |
| Opportunistic infections (OI) associated with AIDS include: | d. Herpetic stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) caused by the HSV1 which stands for herpes simplex virus 1 aka cold sores (fever blisters) |
| Opportunistic infections (OI) associated with AIDS include: | e. Cervical (uterine) malignancy (cancer) and lymphoma (lymphatic malignancies) and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) (skin malignancy) |
| Treatment for the HIV + AIDS includes: | antiviral medications to reduce the virus' ability to proliferate which means rapid reproduction. |
| Antiviral medications to treat the HIV and AIDS are called | highly active antiretroviral therapy abbreviated HAART |
| HAART (anti-HIV/AIDS medications) are commonly given in combination called an: | AIDS cocktail |
| HAART (anti HIV/AIDS medictions must be taken faithfully every day to prevent the HIV from developing a | resistance (defense) to the medications |
| A HAART medication classified as an antiviral medication to treat HIV/AIDS is called | 1. Retrovir aka zidovudine or AZT |
| A HAART medication classified as an antiviral medication to treat HIV/AIDS is called | 2. Epivir aka lamivudine. |
| A HAART medication classified as an antiviral medication to treat HIV/AIDS is called: | 3. Sustiva aka efarinenz or EFV |
| Antiviral medications prescribed to treat the HIV/AIDS must be taken faithfully every day to prevent the HIV from developing a | resistance |
| A medication classified to treat HIV/AIDS is called: | Lithobid aka lithium |
| Lithobid (lithium) has a side effect (SE) of leukocytosis which means | excessive white blood cells (WBC) |
| Lithobid (lithium) is also classified to treat BMD which stands for | bipolar mental disorder aka MDI which stands for manic-depressive illness. |
| A medication classified as an antiviral against HSVI is called: | 1. Zovirax aka acyclovir |
| HSVI stands for | herpes simplex virus 1 aka cold sores (fever blisters) |
| A medication classified as an antiviral against HSVII is called: | Zovirax aka acyclovir |
| HSVII stands for | herpes simplex virus 2 aka genital herpes (STD) |
| The sequela (aftereffect) of a VZV (chicken pox) infection is abbreviated HZ which stands for: | herpes zoster aka shingles |
| VZV stands for | varicella zoster virus |
| A medication classified as an antiviral against HZ is called: | 1. Zovirax aka acyclovir |
| HZ stands for | herpes zoster aka shingles. |
| A medication classified as an antiviral against HZ is called | 2. Valtrex |
| HZ stands for | herpes zoster aka shingles |
| A medication classified as an antiviral against influenza A+B is called | 1. Tamiflu |
| A medication classified as an antiviral against influenza A+B is called: | 2. Xofluza |
| A medication classified as an antiviral against influenza A+B is called: | 3. Relenza |
| ANTIFUNGAL MEDICATION Dermatophytes can cause fungal infections of the | integument (skin or hair or nails) |
| Dermatophytosis means | abnormal condition (proliferation) of dermatophytes. |
| Dermatophytes tend to proliferate (reproduce) outward on the skin producing a ring-like pattern, hence the name | ringworm |
| Dermatophytosis means | abnormal condition (proliferation) of dermatophytes aka tinea |
| Types of tinea (ringworm) include: | 1. Tinea corporis aka body ringworm. |
| Types of tinea (ringworm) include: | 2. Tinea pedis aka foot ringworm or athlete's foot |
| Types of tinea (ringworm) include: | 3. Tinea cruris aka groin ringworm or jock itch. |
| Tinea cruris can be caused by a fungal infection called candidiasis (moniliasis) which means | vaginal yeast infections and/or thrush (oral cavity). |
| Tinea cruris is aka | groin ringworm or jock itch. |
| Types of tinea (ringworm) include: | 4. Tinea capitis aka scalp ringworm. |
| Types of tinea (ringworm) include: | 5. Tinea unguium aka onychomycosis which means abnormal condition of nail fungus. |
| Medications classified to treat dermatophytosis are called | antifungals |
| A medication classified as an antifungal is called | 1. Diflucan aka fluconazone |
| A medication classified as an antifungal is called: | 2. Nizoral aka ketoconazole |
| A medication classified as an antifungal is called: | 3. Fungizone aka amphotericin B |
| A medication classified as an antifungal is called: | 4. Monistat aka miconazole |
| A medication classified as an antifungal is called: | 5. Vagistat aka tioconazone |
| A medication classified as an antifungal is called: | 6. Mycelex aka clotrimazole |
| INTRAVENOUS FLUIDS: Intravenous (IV) infusion means: | introduction of fluid within a vein. |
| Intravenous (IV) infusion rate (amount) orders are usually expressed in | mL/hr which stands for millimeters per hour. |
| The primary bag or bottle containing fluid, connecting tubing, and a flexible catheter inserted within a vein is called an | intrvenous (IV) line. |
| A small secondary bag/bottle of medication connected to a primary intravenous (IV) line is abbreviated IVPB | which stands for intravenous piggyback. |
| IV fluid administered (given) over several hours is called an | intravenous (IV) drip. |
| Intravenous (IV) tubing has rubber stoppers to inject medications calld: | ports |
| Intravenous (IV) infusion means | introduction of fluid within a vein. |
| A medically rapidly injected into an IV port is abbreviated IVP which stands for: | intravenous push. |
| An intravenous push (IVP) is aka a | loading dose or bolus. |
| A very slow infusion (introduction) of intravenous (IV) fluid designed to prevent coagulation (clotting) of the intravenous (IV) catheter is abbreviated KVO which stands for: | keep vein open |
| Keep vein open (KVO) is aka TKO which stands for: | to keep open |
| Intermittent administration of intravenous IV medications and/or fluids through an intravenous (IV) catheter without tubing or continuous infusion is called a | reseal or heparin lock (hel-lock) |
| Heparin is classified as an | anticogulant |
| A computer that controls the amount of intravenous (IV) solution introduced is called | an infusion pump |
| A computer allowing a client to administer (give) an intravenous (IV) analgesic (narcotic) as needed (prn) is abbreviated PCA which stands for | patient controlled analgesia. |
| A catheter inserted into a peripheral vein and advanced to the superior vena cava for prolonged intravenous (IV) therapy such as antineoplastics (chemotherapy) is abbreviated PICC which stands for | peripherally inserted central catheter |
| A catheter inserted into a large central vein for prolonged intravenous (IV) therapy such as hemodialysis (HD) is abbreviated CL which stands for | central line. |
| Intravenous fluids (IVF) include: | 1. D5W which stands for dextrose 5% in water. |
| Dextrose is one type of: | sugar aka glucose. |
| Intravenous fluids (IV) include: | 2. D10W which stands for dextrose 10% in water. |
| Intravenous fluids (IV) include: | 3. D50W which stands for dextrose 50% in water |
| The salts of the body are called | electrolytes (lytes) |
| Electrolytes (salts) include: | 1. Na which stands for sodium (natrium) |
| Electrolyes (salts) include: | 2. K which stands for potassium. |
| Electrolytes (salts) include: | 3. Cl which stands for chloride. |
| Intravenous fluids (IVF) include: | 4. NS and NSS which stand for normal saline solution aka 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl). |
| Saline means | salt. |
| Intravenous fluids (IVF) include: | 5. 1/2 NS and 1/2 NSS which stand for one half normal saline solution aka 0.45% sodium chloride (NaCl). |
| Intravenous fluids (IVF) include: | 6. D5/NSS which stands for dextrose 5% and normal saline (NSS) |
| Normal saline solution (NSS) is aka: | 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl). |
| Intravenous fluids (IVF) include: | 7. LR which stands for lactated Ringer's. |
| Intravenous fluids (IVF) include: | 8. D5/RL which stands for dextrose 5% with Ringer lactate. |
| Intravenous fluids (IVF) include: | 9. Complete nutrition provided intravenously (IV) abbreviated TPN which stands for total parenteral nutrition aka hyperalimentation (hyperal) |
| Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) aka hyperalimentation (hyperal) includes the administration (giving) of | a. Intravenous (IV) lipids aka Intralipid or Liposyn |
| Lipids are | fats |
| Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) aka hyperalimentation (hyperal) includes administration of | b. Amino acids for the body to create protein. |
| Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) aka hyperalimentation (hyperal) includes administration of: | c. Salts aka electorlytes (salts) |
| Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) aka hyperalimentation (hyperal) includes administration of: | d. Dextrose aka glucose (sugar) |
| Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) aka hyperalimentation (hyperal) includes administration of | e. MVI which stands for multivitamin infusion |
| BLOOD PRODUCTS: Blood products such as whole blood are commonly measured in | units U |
| Whole blood contains | 1. Erythrocytes which are red blood cells (RBCs) |
| Whole blood contains: | 2. Leukocytes which are white blood cells (WBCs) |
| Whole blood contains: | 3. Thrombocytes which are clot cells aka platelets. |
| Whole blood contains: | 4.The liquid portion of the blood containing blood products and clotting factors. |
| PRBC stands for | packed red blood cells |
| Packed red blood cells are concentrated numbers of: | erythrocytes (RBCs) and very little plasma. |
| FTP stands for: | fresh frozen plasma |
| Dextran is a | plasma volume expander. |
| Alb. stands for | albumin which is a blood protein. |
| Cryoprecipitate refers to | plasma with clotting factor(s). |
| Cryoprecipitate is used to treat the | genetic coagulopathy called hemophilia. |
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