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RADT 465: procedures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the four body habitus' | Hyperstentic, asthentic, sthenic, hyposthenic |
| ____ body habitus is large and heavy | hyperstenic |
| a hyperstenic patients stomach would be ____ and gallbladder would be ___ and ____ | transverse, high and lateral |
| ____ body habitus would be slender, thorax long and narrow | asthenic |
| an asthenic patient would have a _____ stomach and gallbladder would be __ and ____ | very low and narrow stomach, low and medial |
| ____ body habitus would be build average and athletic | sthenic |
| ____ body habitus would be somewhat slighter and less robust | hyposthenic |
| What are the 3 planes of the body | Midsagittal plane, midcoronal plane, transverse plane |
| Divides the body into left and right halves | midsagittal plane |
| any plane parallel to the MSP | sagittal plane |
| Divides the body into anterior and posterior plane | midcoronal plane |
| any plane parallel to MCP | coronal plane |
| Perpendicular to the MSP and MCP and divides the body axially into superior and inferior portions | Transverse/horz plane |
| Vertebra prominens is at what level | C7 |
| Suprasternal (jugular) notch is at what level | T2-T3 |
| Sternal angle is at what level | T4-T5 |
| Xiphoid (ensiform) process is at what level | T9 |
| Iliac crest is at what level | L4 |
| The simplest motion, least movement, smooth/sliding motion. | Gliding (plane) |
| What are some examples of a gliding plane | Intercarpal and intertarsal joints, AC joint and costoverterbral joints |
| Permits flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, rotation, and circumduction with more motion distally and less proximally | Ball and socket (spheroid) |
| examples of ball and socket (spheroid) joints | Shoulder, hip |
| Permits rotation around a single axis | Pivot (trochoid) |
| Examples of a pivot joint | proximal radioulnar joint and atlantoaxial joint |
| Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction (no axial) | Condyloid (ellipsoid) |
| examples of Condyloid (ellipsoid) joints | Radiocarpal joint, MCP joint |
| Permits flexion and extension | Hinge (ginglymus) |
| Examples of Hinge (ginglymus) | elbow, IP joints and ankle |
| Permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction (no rotation) | Saddle (sellar) |
| Examples of saddle (sellar) joint | First CMC joint (thumb) |
| Principle motion is one direction, limited rotation motion | Bicondylar (biaxial) |
| Examples of Bicondylar (biaxial) | TMJ, knee |
| The appendicular skeleton consists of | limbs, (appendages or extremities), arms, legs, and shoulder and pelvic girdles |
| The axial skeleton consists of | skull, cervical vertebra, sternum, ribs and rib cartilage |
| PA canium | Prone, MSP Perpendicular midtable/// OML perpendicular to IR. Center @ Nasion |
| Structures included/best seen on a PA carinum | Petrous pyramids should FILL orbits. Deomstrates frontal bone, lat cranial walls, frontal sinuses, crista galli |
| PA axial (Caldwell) | PA, MSP centered to IR/// OML perpendicular to IR. CR: 15 degrees caudad to nasion |
| Structures included/best seen on a PA axial (caldwell) | Petrous in the LOWER THIRD of orbits. frontal and ethmoid sinuses seen. |
| AP axial (towne) | Supine, MSP perpendicular to midtable//// OML vertical. CR: 30 degree caudad to point 1.5" above the glabella OR 37 degree to IOML |
| Structures included/best seen on a AP axial towne | Especially for the occipital bone. Symmetrical proj of petrous pyramids, projects dorsum sella and posterior clinoid processes within foramen magnum |
| Lateral skull | Skull MSP parallel to IR/// Interpupillary line vertical. CR: perpendicular to 2" superior to EAM |
| Structures included/best seen on a Lateral Skull | Superimposed cranial and facial structures, anterior and posterior clinoid processes should be superimposed, supraorbital margins should be superimposed |
| SMV projection | neck hyperextended to place IOML parallel to IR. CR: enters MSP at the level of sella |
| AP trauma head | Supine, MSP perpendicular midtable// OML perpendicular to IR. CR: perpenduclar to nasion |
| What is seen on an AP trauma head | Petrous Pyramids fill orbits |
| AP axial trauma | AP, MSP centered to IR// OML perpendicular to IR/// IR centered to nasion. CR: 15 degrees cephalad to nasion |
| Structures included/best seen on a AP axial trauma | Petrous portions in LOWER THIRD of orbits. facial structures somewhat magnified |
| Lateral trauma head | Supine, dorsal decub. MSP perpendicular CR and parallel IR. interpupillary line perpendicular to IR. CR: 2"lat superior to EAM |
| Structures included/best seen on a lateral trauma skull | can demonstrate sphenoid sinus effusion as the only sign of basal skull fx |
| What views do you use to look at the cranium | PA/AP, Caldwell, towne, lateral, SMV, and traumas |
| What views do you use to look at orbits | parietocanthial (waters)/modified waters, caldwell, lateral |
| parietocanthial (waters) | PA w/ MSP perpendicuar to the IR// Chin extended so OML is 37 degrees to the IR. CR: exiting acanthion |
| PA axial caldwell orbits | PA, skull MSP centered to IR// IR centered to nasion. CR: 15 degrees caudad to the nasion |
| Lateral orbit | Skull MSP parallel to IR// Interpupillary line vertical. CR: 2" superior to EAM |
| What views do you use to look at facial bones | waters, modified waters, lateral, caldwell, reverse waters, lateral trauma |
| Modified waters | Chin extended so OML is 55 degrees to the IR. CR: exiting acanthion |
| AP axial trauma (reverse waters) | supine, MSP perpendicular to midtable. CR: cephalad, parallel to mentomeatal line(MML) and entering the acanthion |
| what views do you use to look at zygomatic arches | SMV, towne, waters |
| what view best demonstrates the nasal bones | Lateral |
| Lateral nasal bones | MSP of skull parallel to table// Interpupillary line perpendicular. CR: 3/4' distal to nasion. Include nasofrontal suture through the anterior nasal spine of the maxilla |
| what do you see on a lateral nasal bone proj | Lateral proj of superimposed nasal bones. associated soft tissue |
| what views best demonstrate the mandible | PA, PA axial, axiolateral oblique, towne, SMV, modified waters |
| what views best demonstrate the TMJs | modified towne, lateral - modified schuller, axiolateral - modified law |
| Modified towne | AP, MSP perpendicular to mid IR// OML perpendicular to table. CR: 30 degree caudad, enters around 3' above the nasion |
| What do you see on a modified townes | projection of condyloid processes and their articulations. |
| Lateral - modified schuller | Skull MSP parallel to IR// interpupillary line vertical. CR: 25 degrees caudad, exiting the lowermost TMJ |
| Axiolateral - modified law | Skull MSP and IOML parallel to IR// Rotate MSP down 15 degrees toward the IR. CR: 15 degree caudad, enters 1 and 1/2' superior to the uppermost EAM, exiting the lowermost TMJ |
| Modified law demonstrates the side ____ | down |
| what views demonstrate the paranasal sinuses | PA axial caldwell w horz beam, waters, lateral, SMV |
| PA axial caldwell with horz beam | Erect or seated PA, elevate chin to place OML 15 degrees w/ horz beam. CR: no angle, perpendicular to nasion |
| where are the petrous pyraminds in a waters view | seen below the floor of the maxillary sinuses |
| axiolateral oblique | MSP skull parallel. 25 degrees cephalad, enters at the mandibular angle of the unaffected side. rotate MSP 15 degrees forward to better demonstrate body |
| what is the axiolateral oblique used to view on a mandible | body and ramus |
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