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NERVOUS SYSTEM
Pharmacology for Health Professionals
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nerve cells are aka | neurons |
| The portion of each neuron that conducts electrochemical impulses from one neuron to another is called an | axon |
| Each axon is surrouned by a protective lipoprotein called a | myelin sheath |
| An axon is: | the portion of each neuron that conducts (carries) electrochemical impulses (signals) from one neuron to another. |
| Neurons with myelin sheaths allow electrochemical impulses to travel at: | 200 miles/second |
| Neurons without myelin sheaths allow electrochemical impulses at: | 1 foot/second |
| Impulses are: | signals |
| A nerve disease that causes degradation of myelin sheath is abbreviated MS which stands for: | multiple sclerosis |
| Degradation means to: | decline (fail) degeneration (degenerate) or deterioration (deteriorate) |
| Nervous System Divisions The 2 major divisions of the nervous system are: | 1. CNS which stands for central nervous system. 2. PNS which stands for peripheral nervous system |
| CNS consists of (contains) the: | brain and spinal cord |
| The brain is located within the skull aka : | the cranium |
| The spinal cord is located within the: | spinal cavity |
| The PNS consists of all the nerves except the: | brain and spinal cord |
| PNS stands for: | peripheral nervous system |
| The peripheral nervous system contains the neurons (nerve cells) that transmit (send) stimuli to the brain for interpretation (explanation) called: | sensory nerve cells aka afferent neurons |
| Stimuli means: | changes in the environment (surroundings) |
| Sensory (afferent) neurons allow perception of: | 1. Touch (tactile) 2. Taste (flavor) 3. Smell (olfactory) 4. Hearing (auditory) 5. Sight (vision) |
| The peripheral nervous system contains the neurons that transmit impulses from the brain to the muscles of movement called: | motor nerve cells aka efferent neurons |
| Smooth voluntary muscle movements are greatly influenced by a chemical neurotransmitter in the brain called: | dopamine. |
| Voluntary means: | You have control. |
| Involuntary reflex actions The part of the nervous system that functions automatically is abbreviated ANS which stands for: | autonomic nervous system. |
| The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is involuntary which means: | you have no control. |
| Involuntary actions (reflexes) include: | 1. Ventilation aka breathing. |
| Involuntary actions (reflexes) include: | 2. Tussis aka coughing. |
| Involuntary actions (reflexes) include: | 3. Expulsion of air from the nose and oral cavity due to irritation of the nasal passages called sneezing. |
| Involuntary actions (reflexes) include: | 4. Quickly opening and closing your eyelids called blinking. |
| Involuntary actions (reflexes) include: | 5. Wave-like muscular contractions that push food along the GI tract called peristaltic activity or peristalsis. |
| Involuntary actions (reflexes) include: | 6. Stomach regurgitation aka vomiting. |
| Involuntary actions (reflexes) include: | 7. Uterine contractions during labor and delivery (L & D). |
| Involuntary actions are: | aka reflexes. |
| The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is divided into the: | 1. Sympathetic division aka fight or flight. 2. Parasympathetic division aka rest and digest. |
| The sympathetic (fight or flight) division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) utilizes a chemical neurotransmitter abbreviated NE which stands for: | norepinephrine. |
| Changes that occur during the sympathetic response include: | a. Tachycardia which means rapid or fast heart rate b. Tachypnea which is rapid fast breathing (ventilation). |
| Changes that occur during the sympathetic (fight or flight) response include: | c. Increased diameter (lumen) of the bronchi and bronchioles called bronhodilation. |
| Changes that occur during the sympathetic (fight or flight) response include: | d. Increased diameter of the pupils called pupillary dilation. |
| Pupillary dilation will increase the VF which stands for: | visual field. |
| Changes that happen during the sympathetic (fight or flight) response include: | e. Shunting (redirecting) blood from the periphery (skin) to the brain, heart, lungs and the large muscles of the arms and legs causing a color change called pallor (paleness). |
| The parasympathetic (rest and digest) division of the ANS utilizes a chemical neurotransmitter abbreviated Ach which stands for: | acetylcholine. |
| ANS stands for: | autonomic nervous system. |
| The parasympathetic division operates during normal non-stressful situations that include: | a. Breaking down food called digestion. b. The process of replication aka reproduction. |
| The parasympathetic division operates during normal non-stressful situations that include: | c. Eupnea which means normal breathing. d. Normal heart rate. |
| BRAIN The largest part of the brain is called: | the cerebrum. |
| The brain is part of the CNS which stands for: | central nervous system. |
| The outer portion of the cerebrum is called: | the cerebral cortex (outer part). |
| The middle (inner) portion of the cerebrum is called the: | cerebral medulla. |
| The cerebrum is divided into 2 sections called : | lobes. |
| The cerebrum is the: | largest part of the brain. |
| Physiologies (functions) of the frontal lobes include: | 1. Management of feelings called emotional control. 2. The desire to do something called motivation. |
| Physiologies (functions) of the frontal lobes include: | 3. Management of urges (desires) called impulse control. 4. Finding answers to questions called problem solving. |
| Physiologies (functions) of the frontal lobes include: | 5. Logical thinking called reasoning. 6. Forethought aka planning. |
| The frontal lobes are not completely developed until the end of: | adolescence. |
| Adolescence means ages: | 13 to 19. |
| Physiologies (functions) of the parietal lobes is to assess (evaluate) changes in the environment called: | sensory stimuli. |
| Sensory nerve cells are aka: | afferent nerves. |
| Physiologies of the parietal lobes include perception of a hurting discomfort called: | pain. |
| Tactile perception called: | touch, taste, temperature. |
| Awareness of sound: | hearing. |
| Perception of aromas called: | smell aka the olfactory senses. |
| The ability to remember called: | memory. |
| Physiologies of the occipital lobes includes perception of light called: | vision or sight. |
| Located inferior(below) the cerebrum is the: | corpus callosum. |
| The cerebrum is the: | largest part of the brain. |
| The corpus callosum allows communication of nerve impulses (signals) between the 2 halves of the cerebrum called the: | Left cerebral hemisphere and Right cerebral hemisphere. |
| The cerebrum is divided into R and L halves called the: | cerebral hemispheres. |
| the left cerebral hemisphere controls: | Right side motor coordination. |
| Motor means: | movement. |
| Motor nerve cells are called: | efferent neurons. |
| The right cerebral hemisphere controls: | the Left side motor coordination. |
| Located inferior to (below) the corpus callosum is the: | thalamus. |
| The corpus callosum allows communication of nerve impulses (signals) between: | the L cerebral hemisphere and the the R cerebral hemisphere. |
| Physiologies of the thalamus include relaying sensory impulses (signals) to the lobes (sections) for: | interpretation aka explanation. |
| The thalamus is located below the: | corpus callosum. |
| Located inferior to (below) the thalamus is the: | hypothalamus. |
| Physiologies (functions) of the thalamus include: | 'Relaying sensory impulses (signals) to the lobes (sections) for interpretation (explanation). |
| Physiologies (functions) of the hypothalamus include: | 1. Control of the pea-shaped endocrine gland located at the base of the brain called the pituitary gland. |
| Physiologies (functions) of the hypothalamus include: | 2. Management of hostility called aggression self-control.. |
| Physiologies (functions) of the hypothalamus include: | 3. Regulation of body heat called temperature control. |
| Physiologies (functions) of the hypothalamus include: | 4. Perception (awareness) of the need to drink called thirst. |
| Physiologies (functions) of the hypothalamus include: | 5. Regulation (control) of the sleep-wake cycle called the circadian rhythm. |
| Physiologies (functions) of the hypothalamus include: | 6. Perception (awareness) of satiation (satiety) which means feeling full (satisfied) when eating. |
| The hypothalamus is located: | inferior to (below) the thalamus. |
| The 2nd largest part of the brain is called the: | Cerebellum. |
| The cerebellum is located at the: | posterior base of the brain. |
| Physiologies of the cerebellum include: | motor coordination aka balance or equilibrium. |
| Motor means: | movement. |
| Located anterior to the cerebellum is the: | brain stem. |
| Anterior means: | in front of. |
| The cerebellum is located at the: | posterior (back) base of the brain. |
| The BRAIN STEM consists of (contains) the: | 1. Medulla oblongata. |
| The BRAIN STEM consists of (contains) the: | 2. Pons. |
| The BRAIN STEM consists of (contains) the: | 3. Midbrain. |
| Functions of the medulla oblongata and pons include: | 1. Arousal from sleep aka wakening. |
| Functions of the medulla oblongata and pons include: | 2. Awareness aka consciousness. |
| Functions of the medulla oblongata and pons include: | 3. Regulation (contraol) of Heart rate. |
| Functions of the medulla oblongata and pons include: | 4. Ventilation (breathing). |
| Functions of the medulla oblongata and pons include: | 5. Regulation of blood pressure. |
| The MIDBRAIN is the connection between the: | cerebrum and spinal cord. |
| Physiologies (functions) of the SPINAL CORD include: | 1. Conveying (carrying) impulses (signals) from the sensory neurons (nerve cells) to the brain. |
| Motor nerve cells are aka: | efferent neurons. |
| Branching off the spinal cord are 31 paired : | spinal nerves. |
| Sspinal nerves convey (carry) impulses (signals) from the: | sensory (afferent) neurons (nerve cell)s to the spinal cord. |
| Sensory (afferent) neurons (nerve cells) allow the perception (awareness) of: | touch, taste, smell, hearing and sight (5 senses). |
| Most spinal nerves exit (leave) the spinal cord between the: | vertebrae. |
| Vertebae are : | back bones aka the spinal column. |
| MENINGES The brain and spinal cord are completely surrounded by: protective membrane linings called: | protective membranes (linings) called the meninges. |
| The singular form of meninges is: | meninx. |
| The outermost meninx is called: | dura mater or tough mother. |
| The dura mater is a protective membrane completely surrounding: | the brain and spinal cord. |
| The middle meninx is called the: | arachnoid matter (spider layer) |
| The arachnoid matter is a protective membrane completely surrounding the: | brain and spinal cord. |
| The innermost meninx is called the pia mater (delicate mother): | The pia mater is a protective membrane completely surrounding the brain and spinal cord. |
| The cavity below the arachnoid matter is called the: | subarachnoid space. |
| The subarachnoid matter is a protective membrane (lining): | completely surrounding the brain and spinal cord. |
| The subarachnoid space contains a clear liquid that circulates throughout the brain and spinal cord abbreviated CHF which stands for: | cerebrospinal fluid. |
| The subarachnoid space is the cavity below: | the arachnoid matter. |
| Chambers within the brain that contain CSF are called: | ventricles. |
| Chambers are: | enclosed spaces. |
| CSF stands for: | cerebrospinal fluid. |
| EYES The white opaque portion of each is called the : | sclera. |
| Opaque mans: | light will not pass through it. |
| The transparent anterior portion of each sclera is called: | the cornea. |
| Transparent means: | light will pass through it. |
| The colored portion of each is called the: | iris. |
| Portion: | means part. |
| The os in the center of each iris is called: | a pupil. |
| Os means: | opening aka meatus aka orifice. |
| A pupil that increases in diameter is called: | pupillary dilation. |
| A pupil that decreases in diameter is called: | pupillary constriction. |
| A pupil is the: | os (opening) in the center of each iris. |
| The extension of each optic nerve that covers the inside of each is eye is called the: | retina. |
| The physiology of each retina is to: | absorb (capture) light. |
| Retinae consist of (contain): | visual receptor cells called rods and cones. |
| Rods absorb (capture) : | black and white. |
| Cones absorb (capture): | color. |
| The area of each retina that provides maximum visual acuity (VA) is called: | macula. |
| Visual acuity (VA) means: | focus. |
| The physiology of each retina is to: | absorb (capture) light. |
| The leading cause of vision oss and blindness among Americans 60 and older is abbreviated ARMD which stands for: | Age related macular degeneration (ARMD) which is a deterioration (degradation) of the macula. |
| The area of each macula (lutea) that provides sharp VA for reading is called: | fovea. |
| The connection between each optic nerve and retina is called: | the optic disk. |
| The physiology of each retinas is to: | absorb (capture) light. |
| The optic disc contains no rods or cones and are aka the: | blind spots. |
| Rods capture: | black and white. |
| Cones capture: | color. |
| The optic nerves conduct visual impulses (signals) to the : | thalamus. |
| The thalamus relays the visual impulses (signals) to the: | occipital lobes (sections) of the brain for interpretation aka explanation. |
| The highly vascular layer between each sclera and retina that provides oxygen ad nourishment is called the: | choroid. |
| Vascular means: | pertaining to blood vessels. |
| The transparent crystalline structure located posterior to each pupil that accommodates light on each retina is called the: | lens. |
| The anterior compartment of each eye is filled with a water-like transparent liquid called the: | aqueous humor. |
| Aqueous humor is secreted from ciliary processes located in the: | ciliary bodies. |
| Ciliary bodies contain ciliary muscles that change he shape of: | crystalline lens for VA which stand for visual acuity aka accommodation or focusing. |
| The posterior compartment (chamber) of each eye is filled with a water like transparent liquid called: | vitreous humor. |
| EARS The cartilaginous flap of each external ear is called a: | pinna aka the auricle. |
| The tube (duct) leading from each pinna to each tympanic membrane is called: | external auditory (hearing) canal. |
| Tympanic membranes are aka: | eardrums. |
| Pinnae are aka: | auricles. |
| Each external auditory (hearing) canal is lined with: | modified sebaceous glands that secrete (produce and discharge) cerumen aka earwax. |
| Sebaceous means: | oil. |
| Each middle ear consists of 3 auditory ossicles which are: | hearing bones. The auditory ossicles include 1,. The malleus (hammer) 2. The incus (anvil) 3. Stapes (stirrup) |
| Two vessels (ducts) that connect the middle ears to the nasopharynx for pressure equalization are called: | eustachian tubes. |
| Nasopharynx means: | nose and throat. |
| The structure in each inner ear responsible for absorbing sound vibrations is called the: | cochlea. |
| Absorbing means: | capturing. |
| The connection between each stapes and cochlea is called: | the oval window. |
| Stapedes are: | auditory ossicles (hearing bones). |
| The physiology (function) of the cochleae is to: | absorb sound vibrations. |
| Cochleae are located in: | the inner ear. |
| The thalamus relays the sound impulses to the: | temporal lobes of the brain for interpretation aka explanation. |
| The structure in each inner ear that aids in balance is called: | the labyrinth. |
| Balance is aka: | equilibrium. |
| Each labyrinth contains a: | vestibule and semicircular canals. |
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