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Psychology 7
Chapter 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Encoding | The act of inputting info into memory. |
| Memory traces | The stored code that represents a piece of info that has been encoded into memory. |
| Storage | The place where info is retained in memory. |
| Retrieval | The process of accessing info into memory & pulling it into consciousness. |
| Explicit memory | The conscious use of memory. |
| Implicit memory | The unconscious use of memory. |
| Three stages model | An early model of memory proposing that info is stored in 3 sequential stages: sensory, short-term, & long-term memory. |
| Sensory memory | A system of memory that briefly stores sensory impressions so that we can extract relevant info from them for further processing. |
| Short-term memory (STM) | A system of memory that is limited in both capacity & duration. |
| Long-term memory (LTM) | A system of memory that works to store memories for a long time, perhaps even permanently. |
| Iconic memory | Sensory memory for visual info. |
| Echoic memory | Sensory memory for auditory info. |
| Dual coding system | A system of memory that encoded info in more than one type of code or format. |
| Chunking | A means of using one's limited short-term memory resources more efficiently by combining small bits of info to form larger bits of info, or chunks. |
| Maintenance rehearsal | Repeating info over & over again to keep it in short-term memory for an extended period of time. |
| Elaborative rehearsal | Forming associations or links b/w info one is trying to learn & info already stored in long-term memory so as to facilitate the transfer of this new info into long-term memory. |
| Levels-of-processing model | A model that predicts that info that is processed deeply and elaboratively will be best retained in and recalled from long-term memory. |
| Primacy effect | The tendency for people to recall words from the beginning of a list better than words that appeared in the middle of the list. |
| Recency effect | The tendency for people to recall words from the end of the list better than words that appeared in the middle of the list. |
| Working memory | A multifaceted component of long-term memory that contains short-term memory, a central executive, a phonological loop, and a visuospatial sketch pad;the function of memory to move, access and process info. |
| Central executive | In the working memory model, the attention-controlling component of working memory. |
| Phonological loop | In the working memory model, the part of the working memory that processes sound qualities of info. |
| Visuospatial sketch pad | In the working memory model, the part of the working memory that process the visual and spatial aspects of info. |
| Semantic encoding | Encoding memory traces in terms of the meaning of the info being stored. |
| Schema | An organized, generalized knowledge structure in long-term memory. |
| Declarative memory | A type of long-term memory that encompasses memories that are easily verbalized, including episodic and semantic memories. |
| Semantic memory | Long-term, declarative memory for conceptual info. |
| Episodic memory | Long-term, declarative memory for the events in our lives. |
| Autobiolographical memory | Memory for our past that gives us a sense of personal history. |
| Procedural memory | Long-term memory for skills and behaviors. |
| Retrograde amnesia | A type of amnesia in which one is unable to retrieve previously stored memories from long-term memory. |
| Anterograde amnesia | A type of amnesia in which one is unable to store new memories in long-term memory. |
| Recall | A type of retrieval process in which the probe or cue does not contain much info. |
| Recognition | A type of retrieval process in which the probe or cue contains a great deal of info, including the item being sought. |
| Decay theory | A theory of forgetting that proposes that memory traces that are not routinely activated long-term memory will degrade. |
| Proactive interference | A type of forgetting that occurs when older memory traces inhibit the retrieval of newer memory traces. |
| Retroactive interference | A type of forgetting that occurs when newer memory traces inhibit the retrieval of older memory traces. |
| Cue-dependent forgetting | A type of forgetting that occurs when one cannot recall info in a context other than the context in which it was encoded. |
| Repression | A type of forgetting proposed by Frued in which memories for events, desires, and impulses that we find threatening are pushed into an inaccessible part of the mind called the unconscious. |
| Flashbulb memory | An unusually detailed and seemingly accurate memory for an emotionally charged event. |
| Reconstructive memory | Memory that is based on the retrieval of memory traces that contain the actual details of the events that we've experienced. |
| Constructive memory | Memory that utilizes knowledge and expectations to fill in the missing details in retrieved memory traces. |
| Long-term potentiation | As neurons are repeatedly stimulated, it becomes easier for them to fire action potentials. |
| Memory consolidation | The stabilization and long-term storage of memory traces in the brain. |
| Massed practice | Cramming or attempting to learn large amounts of info in a single session of study. |
| Distributed practice | Spreading one's study time across a series of study sessions. |
| Overlearning | Improving memory for material that is already known by continuing to rehearse it. |
| Mnemonic device | A cognitive procedure or mental trick that is designed to improve one's memory. |
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cpruett8
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