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Psychology 7

Chapter 7

TermDefinition
Encoding The act of inputting info into memory.
Memory traces The stored code that represents a piece of info that has been encoded into memory.
Storage The place where info is retained in memory.
Retrieval The process of accessing info into memory & pulling it into consciousness.
Explicit memory The conscious use of memory.
Implicit memory The unconscious use of memory.
Three stages model An early model of memory proposing that info is stored in 3 sequential stages: sensory, short-term, & long-term memory.
Sensory memory A system of memory that briefly stores sensory impressions so that we can extract relevant info from them for further processing.
Short-term memory (STM) A system of memory that is limited in both capacity & duration.
Long-term memory (LTM) A system of memory that works to store memories for a long time, perhaps even permanently.
Iconic memory Sensory memory for visual info.
Echoic memory Sensory memory for auditory info.
Dual coding system A system of memory that encoded info in more than one type of code or format.
Chunking A means of using one's limited short-term memory resources more efficiently by combining small bits of info to form larger bits of info, or chunks.
Maintenance rehearsal Repeating info over & over again to keep it in short-term memory for an extended period of time.
Elaborative rehearsal Forming associations or links b/w info one is trying to learn & info already stored in long-term memory so as to facilitate the transfer of this new info into long-term memory.
Levels-of-processing model A model that predicts that info that is processed deeply and elaboratively will be best retained in and recalled from long-term memory.
Primacy effect The tendency for people to recall words from the beginning of a list better than words that appeared in the middle of the list.
Recency effect The tendency for people to recall words from the end of the list better than words that appeared in the middle of the list.
Working memory A multifaceted component of long-term memory that contains short-term memory, a central executive, a phonological loop, and a visuospatial sketch pad;the function of memory to move, access and process info.
Central executive In the working memory model, the attention-controlling component of working memory.
Phonological loop In the working memory model, the part of the working memory that processes sound qualities of info.
Visuospatial sketch pad In the working memory model, the part of the working memory that process the visual and spatial aspects of info.
Semantic encoding Encoding memory traces in terms of the meaning of the info being stored.
Schema An organized, generalized knowledge structure in long-term memory.
Declarative memory A type of long-term memory that encompasses memories that are easily verbalized, including episodic and semantic memories.
Semantic memory Long-term, declarative memory for conceptual info.
Episodic memory Long-term, declarative memory for the events in our lives.
Autobiolographical memory Memory for our past that gives us a sense of personal history.
Procedural memory Long-term memory for skills and behaviors.
Retrograde amnesia A type of amnesia in which one is unable to retrieve previously stored memories from long-term memory.
Anterograde amnesia A type of amnesia in which one is unable to store new memories in long-term memory.
Recall A type of retrieval process in which the probe or cue does not contain much info.
Recognition A type of retrieval process in which the probe or cue contains a great deal of info, including the item being sought.
Decay theory A theory of forgetting that proposes that memory traces that are not routinely activated long-term memory will degrade.
Proactive interference A type of forgetting that occurs when older memory traces inhibit the retrieval of newer memory traces.
Retroactive interference A type of forgetting that occurs when newer memory traces inhibit the retrieval of older memory traces.
Cue-dependent forgetting A type of forgetting that occurs when one cannot recall info in a context other than the context in which it was encoded.
Repression A type of forgetting proposed by Frued in which memories for events, desires, and impulses that we find threatening are pushed into an inaccessible part of the mind called the unconscious.
Flashbulb memory An unusually detailed and seemingly accurate memory for an emotionally charged event.
Reconstructive memory Memory that is based on the retrieval of memory traces that contain the actual details of the events that we've experienced.
Constructive memory Memory that utilizes knowledge and expectations to fill in the missing details in retrieved memory traces.
Long-term potentiation As neurons are repeatedly stimulated, it becomes easier for them to fire action potentials.
Memory consolidation The stabilization and long-term storage of memory traces in the brain.
Massed practice Cramming or attempting to learn large amounts of info in a single session of study.
Distributed practice Spreading one's study time across a series of study sessions.
Overlearning Improving memory for material that is already known by continuing to rehearse it.
Mnemonic device A cognitive procedure or mental trick that is designed to improve one's memory.
Created by: cpruett8
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