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PSY 2012 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What Is Psychology? | The Scientific study of Behavior and Mental Processes |
| Main Difference between Psychologist and Psychiatrist? | A psychiatrist goes to medical school and usually is focused on treating psychological disorders. A Psychologist does not go to medical school |
| Four Goals of Psychology? | Describe, Explain, Predict, Control Behavior |
| Name the Eight Major Perspectives in Psychology. | Psychoanalytic, Behavioral, Humanistic, Cognitive, Evolutionary, Biological, Sociocultural, Biopsychosocial |
| What is Pseudo-psychology? | An approach to predicting behavior and events that appear to be psychology but have no objective evidence to support it. Example: Astrology |
| Name the 5 steps in the scientific method | Develop a Question, Develop a Hypothesis, Design a study and collect Data, Analyze the Data, Publish the Findings |
| What is a Hypothesis? | Statement that can be used to test a prediction |
| What is an Experiment? | A controlled procedure that involves careful examination through the use of scientific observation and/or manipulation of variables |
| What questions does and experiment allow us to answer? | Theories, questions, and observations in the environment of interest |
| What are the elements of an experiment? | Independent Variable, Dependent Variable, Experimental, Control |
| Define independent variable | Variable that the researcher has control over |
| Define Dependent variable | the variable being mesured |
| Define Experimental group | group being treated |
| Define Control Group | the group not exposed to the treatment |
| Define Random Assignment | Equal chance of being assigned to a group |
| What are operational definitions? | The precise manner in which a variable of interest is defined and measured |
| What is the main difference between a Correlation study and experiment? | a correlation study can show a relationship between variables but it can not prove direct relationship. Experiments determine direct cause and effect |
| Positive Correlation? | As one thing being recorded goes up, the other also goes up... Exp. as Age increases so does reaction time. |
| Negative Correlation? | As one thing being recorded goes up the other goes down. |
| How is Magnitude Represented? | r |
| a strong negative correlation | the stronger the negative correlation the closer to -1.00 it will be |
| a strong positive correlation | the stronger the positive correlation the closer to 1.00 it will be |
| weak correlation | a weak correlation will be closer to 0.00 |
| Third Variable | an unaccounted for influence of characteristics or environment that can explain changes in the variables of interest |
| What is experimenter bias? | researcher expectations that influence the experiment |
| What is a Placebo? | Fake treatment that has no effect but is administered as if it does. |
| What is a single blind Study? | Participants do not know which treatment they are getting |
| What is a double blind Study? | Neither the participant or researchers working directly with the participant know which treatment they are getting |
| What is informed consent? | Acknowledgment that the participants know what their involvement will entail |
| What is a debriefing? | The sharing of information with participants, after the experiment, as to what the experiment was for and its potential use. |
| What is Functionalism? | A focus on the functions of thought processes, feelings and behaviors and how they help us adapt to the environment |
| What is Structuralism? | early school of psychology that used introspection to determine the structure and most basic elements of the mind |
| George Miller | Important catalyst for the cognitive revolution |
| Psychoanalytic | Underlying conflicts influence Behavior |
| Behavioral | Behavior is learned primarily through associations, reinforcers, and observations |
| Humanistic | Humans are naturally inclined to grow in a positive direction |
| Cognative | Behavior is driven by cognitive processes |
| Evolutionary | Humans have evolved characteristics that promote survival and adaptation |
| Biological | Behavior and Mental processes arise from physiological activities |
| Sociocultural | Other People, and cultural contexts, influence behavior and mental processes |
| Biopsychosocial | Behavior and Mental Processes are shaped by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors |
| A Sample is ____ the population | Smaller Than |
| Best Research method to study rare phenomenon | Case Studies |
| Positive Psychology | Approach that focuses on the positive aspects of humans seeking to understand their strengths and uncover roots of happiness, creativity, humor etc. |
| What are the Main Parts of the typical neuron? | Dendrite, Cell Body, Axon, Myelin Sheath, Terminal Buds, Synapse |
| Dendrite | Branch like fibers that receives messages from other neurons |
| Cell Body (Soma) | Region of neuron that nourish the cell and the nucleus that contains DNA |
| Axon | Tube like structure that sends messages to the terminal buds |
| Myelin Sheath | Fatty Substance that insulates the Axon. When axon has this messages transmit faster |
| Terminal Buds | Small budlike structure on the end of axons containing neurotransmitters |
| Synapse | Tiny gap between terminal buds and dendrites. Where communications occur |
| What is the function of the Glial Cell? | To support, nourish and protect axons. Some produce Myelin that covers axons |
| How do Neurons Communicate? | Through electrochemical processes. Electrical signals travel down the axon (through action potentials) to the terminal buds who then release a chemical into the synapse triggering an action potential in the other neuron. |
| Action Potential | A Spike in voltage that pass through the axon carrying information |
| Resting Potential | The state of a cell when it is not active, its potential at rest |
| Nerotransmitters | chemical messengers that neurons use to communicate at the synapse |
| Antagonist | Block normal neurotransmitter activity |
| Agonist | Excite and boost normal neurotransmitter activity, morse messages are sent |
| All-or-None | A neuron either fires or doesn't fire |
| Reuptake | When neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending bud |
| Diffusion | When neurotransmitters are not reabsorbed and drift out of the synaptic gap |
| Acetycholine | Relays Messages from motor neurons to muscles enabling movement; involved in memory.... Low= Paralysis , High= Spasms.... Linked to Alzheimers |
| Glutamate | Makes Neurons Fire; Central Role in Memory & Learning.... High= Strokes, Low= Symptoms of Schizophrenia |
| GABA | Inhibits neurotransmitter firing; Contributes to motor control and vision.... Roles in sleep and wakefulness... Decreases with long-term Alcohol use |
| Norepinephrine | Has Variety of effects in CNS; Helps body prep for stress.... Important role in maintaining attention.... High levels lead to over-arousal & hypervigilance |
| Serotonin | Key Role in appetite, aggression, and mood; regulates sleep and breathing |
| Dopamine | Plays a role in substance abuse; impacts attention, learning through reinforcement, and regulation of body movement |
| Endorphins | Regulates the secretion of other neurotransmitters; Naturally produced opioid, reduces pain and elevates mood |
| CNS | Central Nervous System; Brain and Spinal cord; Allows communication between the Peripheral nervous System and the brain |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | Connects the CNS to the rest of the body; all neurons that are not in the CNS |
| Somatic Nervous System | Controls the Skeletal Muscles responsible for voluntary movement; Gathers information from sensory receptors, sensory and motor nerves |
| Autonomic Nervous System | regulates involuntary movement, has two divisions involved in physiological responses to stress and crisis situations; Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous systems |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | Part of the ANS that is responsible for "Fight or flight"; Increases heart rate, respiration, increases blood flow to muscles |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | Part of ANS that is responsible for "Rest and Digest; Decreases respiration, activates digestive process, lowers heart-rate |
| Sensory Neurons | Receive information from the environment around you and conveys to the brain for processing |
| Motor Neurons | Carry information from CNS to produce movement; Provide mechanism regulated by spinal cord and the brain |
| Interneurons | Reside in the brain and spinal cord only; Bridges that connect sensory and motor neurons |
| Reflex Arc | When a stimulus causes an involuntary response |
| Endocrine System | Uses glands instead of neurons to convey messages; Uses Hormones; Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal Glands |
| Cerebrum | Everything in the brain except brain stem structure |
| Neuroplasticity | Brains ability to heal and adapt to the environment |
| What do studies on Split brain show regarding lateralization of function? | That the left and right hemisphere of the brain do certain things better than others. |
| Neurogenesis | generation of new cells |
| Stem Cells | Cells responsible for creating new neurons |
| Association Areas | Integrate information from all over the brain |
| Broca's Area | Language Production; fount in frontal lobe |
| Corpus Callosum | Allows communication between the two hemispheres of the brain |
| Frontal Lobes | Higher level cognitive functions such as thinking, planning, and personality characteristics |
| Left Cerebral Hemisphere | Controls movement of the right side of the body |
| Right Cerebral Hemisphere | Controls movement of the left side of the body |
| Motor Cortex | Is in the back of the Frontal Lobes; commands bodies movement |
| Occipital Lobe | Processing of Visual Information |
| Partial Lobe | Processes sensory information and spacial recognition |
| Primal Visual Cortex | Located in the Occipital Lobe, processes visual information |
| Somatosensory Cortext | Receives sensory information from the body; Located in the Partial Lobe |
| Temporal Lobe | Responsible for hearing and language |
| Warnick's Area | Language comprehension; found in the temporal lobe |
| Limbic System | Collection of structures that regulate emotions and basic drives like hunger and motivation; aids in creation of memories |
| Thalamus | processes sensory information, except smell, and send it to the appropriate areas of the cortex |
| Hypothalamus | Regulates sleep wake cycle, sexual behavior, and appetite |
| Amygdala | Almond shaped structures in the limbic system that process aggression and basic emotions such as fear as well as associated memories |
| Hippocampus | Pair of structures in limbic system with a primary function of creating new memories |
| Brain Stem | Brains Core, extends from spinal cord to forebrain |
| Midbrain | Involves brainstem part in levels of arousal, responsible for generating movement patterns in response to sensory input |
| Reticular Formation | Network of neurons that ruin through the midbrain controlling levels of arousal & quickly analyze sensory information on its way to the cortex |
| Hindbrain | Areas of the brain critical for life sustaining processes |
| Pons | Hind Brain structure that helps to regulate the sleep wake cycle & coordinate movement between the left and right sides of the body |
| Medulla | Overseas the vital functions including breathing, digestion, & heart rate |
| Forebrain | Largest part of the brain; cerebral cortex and the limbic system |
| Cerebellum | Structures located behind the brain stem responsible for muscle coordination and balance; latin for "Little Brain" |
| CAT | Xrays; multiple cross sectional images of the brain |
| EEG | Electrodes placed on the scalp record electrical activity directly below |
| MRI | Powerful magnets create a magnetic field that passes through the brain. Creates a cross sectional of the brain but with superior detail to a CAT |
| fMRI | Uses powerful magnets to track changes in blood oxygen levels durning tasks; measures activities throughout the brain |
| PET | A radioactive tracer is into the bloodstream and tracked while a person performs tasks. a computer then creates a 3-D images showing degrees of brain activity |
| Broca and Wernicke's areas are examples of ___ areas because they process ____ | Association; integrate information from many brain areas |
| What do Micogila do? | Defend the brain against infection and inflimation |
| Cocaine is an example of exciting this neurotransmitter | Norepinephrine |
| The pituitary glad | Is called the master gland of the Indocrine system |
| Afferent Neurons | Sensory Neurons that carry sensory stimuli to the central nervous system |
| Efferent Neurons | Motor Neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central nervous system |
| Pineal Gland releases what | Melatonin |
| Visual Processing happens in which side of the brain? | Right |
Created by:
JTFle08
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