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Psych
Chapter 7
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Stimuli | External environment information that provokes a physiological or psychological activity or response |
| Sensation | Process where our sensory organs detect stimuli from the environment and transmit information to the brain |
| Perception | Detecting and responding to incoming sensory information |
| Sensory Receptors | Specialized neurons that convert energy from a stimuli into an action potential |
| Receptive field | Area in which a receptor can respond to a stimulus |
| Transduction | Receptors change the energy of the detected sensory information into a form which can travel along neural pathways to the brain |
| Transmission | Process of sending the Sensory information to relevant areas of the brain |
| Perception | Process where the brain gives meaning to sensory information |
| Interpretation | Sensory information is given meaning so it can be understood |
| Visual Sensory System | Part of the nervous system which processes visual detail |
| Cornea | Transparent, convex-shaped covering which protects the eye and helps to focus light rays onto the retina |
| Pupil | An opening in the centre of the iris where light passes into the lens |
| Iris | The coloured part of the eye which regulates the amount of light that enters |
| Lens | -behind the pupil -refract incoming light and focus it onto the retina |
| Ciliary Muscle | Moves the lens by expanding and contracting |
| Retina | Light sensitive tissue at the back of the eye. Images are focused on photoreceptors at the back of the retina |
| Photoreceptors | Light-sensitive visual receptor cells in the eye |
| Rods | -low levels of light -night vision -not colour vision -not good at detecting fine detail |
| Cones | -high levels of light -well-lit conditions -fine-detail -colour vision |
| Optic Nerve | Carries messages to the brain |
| Blind Spot | Where the optic nerve leaves the eye -no rods or cones |
| Primary Visual Cortex | Receives and processes visual information from the eyes |
| Visual Perception Principles | Rues we automatically apply to visual stimuli to assist ORGANISING and INTERPRETING in a CONSISTENT, RELIABLE and MEANINGFUL way |
| Gestalt Principles | 'Unified whole' -We see whole objects rather than separate parts |
| Closure | We close up, fill in or ignore gaps and see the object/s as complete |
| Camouflage | -confuses figure ground -occurs when figure and ground are not easily separated but blend |
| Figure Ground | The figure (object) stands out against a less prominent ground (background) |
| Similarity | Tend to see stimuli that are similar in size, colour or form as forming a group |
| Proximity | Stimuli that are positioned close together are seen as forming a group. e.g letters in a word |
| Depth Cues | Source of information from the environment or body that assists in the perception of depth |
| Primary Depth Cues | Cues from the 3D environment only. They tell us where objects are and help us to judge distance |
| Secondary Depth Cue | All pictorial cues (monocular) |
| Binocular Depth Cue | -2 eyes - close objects |
| Convergence | Binocular Brain detects and interprets tension from eye muscles when the 2 turned inward. Greater tension = closer object Primary --- 6 metres |
| Retinal Disparity | Binocular Slight differences between to retinas are perceived as a measure of distance. Less disparity = further away Primary ---- 10 metres |
| Monocular Depth Cue | Depth perception requiring one eye |
| Accommodation | Monocular Shape of lens changes to focus on near or distant objects. Change in lens shape is sent to the brain. Primary ---- 3 metres |
| Pictorial Depth Cue | Monocular Create 3D on 2D paper Secondary |
| Linear Perspective | Parallel lines appear to converge as they extend to a vanishing point at the horizon |
| Interposition | Partial obscuring of one object by a closer object |
| Texture Gradient | Decreasing in detail as the picture recedes |
| Relative Size | The larger of 2 objects is perceived as being nearer |
| Height in the Visual Field | Objects that are further away are higher in the visual field. Closer to the horizon = distant |
| Perceptual Constancies | Tendency to perceive an object as remaining stable and unchanging despite any changes that may occur to the image on the retina |
| Brightness Constancy | Perceive an object as maintaining it's level of brightness despite changes in the amount of light |
| Size Constancy | Involves recognizing that an object's actual size remains the same, even though the size of the image cast on the retina changes |
| Shape Constancy | Perceive an object as maintaining its shape despite any change in shape of the object on the retina |
| Perceptual Set | A readiness to perceive Stimuli in a particular way, based on what we expect it to be |
| Context | Influence of environmental factors on perception |
| Past Experience | Personal experiences throughout life. -pre disposed us to see information in a certain way |
| Motivation | Process that initiates, guides and maintains goal directed behaviour |
| Emotional State | Feelings can influence perceptions |
| Culture | How cultures reflect and shape psychological processes -shape how we interpret visual information |
| Gustation | Physical act or sense of tasting |
| Taste Receptors | Type of receptor which allows the sensation to taste *Gustatory cells |
| Taste Buds | Nerve endings on the tongue and back of throat that are responsible for taste |
| Papillae | Upper surface of tongue, soft palate, upper esophagus, cheek, epiglottis where taste receptors are located. * small bimps on tongue containing taste buds |
| Taste Pore | Small opening in the tongue |
| Tastant | Any chemical that stimulates the sensory cells in a taste bud. *dissolved chemical molecules that can be tasted |
| Gustatory Cortex | Area of the brain responsible for the sensation of taste |
| Five Tastes | Salt, sweet, sour, biter and umami |
Created by:
georgia.sampson
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